Essay --

StrengthsHere at Admatch t here(predicate) has been actu completelyy little turnover among employees. There are a total of 12 employees that cultivate here in total, and out of that total 7 are full time employees, and 4 are part time. Out of the 7 full time employees 4 of them have worked for Admatch for at least 18 years. I have worked here at Admatch for a total of 8 years this part November of 2013. We here at Admatch have all the make loveledge we need to jazz about all of the products that we sell. This is great because when our customers need to call us for a question they need answered they dissolve usually ask for who they would like to speak with or they can talk to someone else they have spoken to a few times. Most of our customers have a favorite person they like to speak with when calling us here at Admatch. This also helps us to build customer relationships and loyalty all at the same time. It kind of reminds me of the television show Cheers theme song, Where every body knows your name. An other great reason why having very little turnover among employees here at Admatch is because work can get done efficiently and effectively. We all know and understand how each other work, and we know what part each of us plays in the company. This helps us to build our relationship with each other to make working together much easier. We also get to have fun sometimes while working. It ordain be pretty tuff to do that with innovative employees who dont yet understand the relationship we all have with each other. We also know the go to person for certain situations. What some people have as a weakness other people have as their strength. I know exactly who to go to for pricing help or with a customer service problem on an order. For some people you may think it is the same ... ...t for us to sell. When we do not fulfill those needs they tend to go elsewhere without taking a second look at all the other products that we can offer. Admatch has seen much of our business being lost to our competitors. When contacted by one of the employees in our sales team and asked why we have not seen any new business or repeat order, the answers Admatch gets are With inflation increasing at such a rapid rate, the price of materials to produce products have also increased. This is very tuff to for Admatch because that means prices have to rise. Admatch has had to raise their prices for the last 3 to 4 years at about 10% a year on all items that the company sells. While Admatch has held out for a long as possible in increasing prices, they soon began to realize they had no choice in the matter. Everything from account to ink to overhead expenses has increased.

The Chrysanthemums :: essays research papers

1. The ChrysanthemumsOn Henry Allens ranch east of Salinasenzyme-linked-immunosorbent serologic assay plants yellow chrysanthemums asHenry is selling thirty head of cattle toagents of the Western nerve Company.After he and Scotty go to round up thecattle, a tinker shows up. He asks forwork which Elisa says she hasnt. Heasks for seeds for a lady on his route.Elisa gives him seedlings withinstructions, and then she finds work forhim which he does professionally. Tocelebrate the sale Henry drives her toSalinas for dinner at the Cominos Hoteland a movie they drive past the tinkeron the roadway and she privately weeps. 2. The White QuailMary has her garden designed beforeits lot is bought, before shes married.She picks Harry because she thinks thegarden leave behind like him. After the ingleside isbuilt and the garden established Harryfinds her perfect though untouchable.She doesnt care for his occupation(making loans for cars) its unf furrow. Sheroutinely locks him from her tinybedr oom on the garden. He tries thelock and leaves quietly. She refuses tolet him have a setter pup since it mightdamage her garden. After a white quailvisits the cement pond she fears a catwill come and asks Harry to put outpoison fish. He refuses but will try to hitsuch a cat with his new air rifle. Nextmorning he shoots the white quail thentells Mary it was the cat he buried. 3. FlightMama Torres makes Emilo and Rosyfish when they can. Pep, who is splendiferous but lazy, is sent to Montereyfor medicine and salt. At Mrs.Rodriguezs he kills a man with hisfathers black switchblade knife. Hereturns before dawn, then rides into thehigh hills as his family bids him, flat aman, adios. After a days riding hesleeps and is awakened by a gymnastic horsedown the trail. He rides another daybefore his horse is flavor out from underhim. He exchanges shots and receives agranite splinter wound in his right hand.He runs on for several days and isfinally shot dead. 4. The SnakeYoung marine biologist Dr. Phillipsbrings a sack of starfish from the tidepool to his laboratory on the cannerystreet in Monterey. The labrattlesnakes, rats, cats killing a cat.Arrival of a tall, lean woman just as hebegins timed work making a starfishembryo series. eon she waits hebegins embalming the cat. She wants tobuy the male rattlesnake which shewants to keep in the lab. Her snakishbehavior during the feeding annoysPhillips. The starfish series is ruined.She never comes back. 5. BreakfastA cold pre-dawn, by a country road, Isee a tent with a lit campstove.

Cuban Missle Crisis Essay -- History Cuba Weapons Essays Cold War

Cuban Missle CrisisMany agree that the Cuban Missile Crisis was the closest the earthly concern ever came to nuclear warfare just exactly how close did it come? The Crisis was ultimately a showdown between the United States and the Soviet Union from October 16 to October 28, 1962. During those thirteen stressful days, the worlds two biggest superpowers stood on the brink of a nuclear catastrophe. The Crisis started as a result of both the Soviet Unions fear of losing the armor race, and Cubas fear of US invasion. The Soviet Premier, Nikita Khrushchev, thought that both problems could easily be solved by placing Soviet medium range missiles in Cuba. This deployment would reprise the Soviet arsenal and protect Cuba from US invasion. Khrushchev proposed this idea to Cuban Premier, Fidel Castro, who, like Khrushchev, saw the strategic advantage. The two premiers worked together in secrecy throughout the late-summer and early-fall of 1962. The Soviets shipped 60 medium-range ballisti c missiles (MRBMs) along with their warheads, launch equipment, and necessary operating personnel to Cuba. When United States President, John F. Kennedy discovered the presence of these offensive weapons, he immediately organized EX-COMM, a group of his twelve most important advisors. They spent the next couple of days discussing different possible plans of action and finally decided to remove the US missiles from Turkey and promise not to invade Cuba in exchange for the removal of all offensive weapons in Cuba. On October 28, Khrushchev sent Kennedy a letter stating that he agreed to the terms Kennedy stated, and the crisis ended. The Cuban Missile Crisis can be blamed on the insecurity of Cuba and the Soviet Union. After the United States unsuccessful attempt to inflict Castro and end communism in Cuba at the Bay of Pigs in 1961, Castro was fearful of another US invasion. The US Armed Forces conducted a mock invasion and drafted a plan to invade Cuba to keep Castro nervous. As a result, Castro thought the US was serious, and he was desperate to find protection. This protection came in the form of sixty Soviet medium-range ballistic missiles. (Detzer 30-32, 39, 55, 68, 87) During his presidential campaign, Kennedy repeatedly stated that the US had less missiles than the Soviets, contradicting the Pentagons claim that the opposite was true. However, during the summer of 1961, when... ...on of aerial and naval reconnaissance flights in Cuban airspace and waters (5) and the return of Guantanamo Naval Base to Cuba. Eventually, with the help of the UN, Castro backed down and all sides reached an agreement. A UN inspection team was assigned to monitor the removal of the missiles and the demolition of the missile bases in Cuba. Then, the Soviet Navy shipped the missiles back to the USSR. The missiles were sent back on the decks of the ships so that American reconnaissance planes could count the missiles and make certain(predicate) that all had been removed. Nine months after the crisis ended, Kennedy and Khrushchev signed an agreement to ban nuclear testing in the atmosphere. This marked the beginning of what seemed to be a new willingness to gather and communicate. However, on November 22, 1963, President Kennedy was assasinated in Dallas, Texas. Eleven months later, Premier Khrushchev was removed from office by communist hard liners. (Brugioni 572-574) One cant help but wonder what would have happened if these two men had stayed in power. Maybe the same two people who brought us so close to nuclear war, now changed by the experience, could have brought us far from it.

Graduation Speech: May You Have Enough -- Graduation Speech, Commencem

Martin Luther King Jr. 1929-1968. Mother Theresa 1910-1997. Albert Einstein 1879-1955. All of these people are not remembered for their birth or death dates, but rather what they did with their dash. The dash that goes between their birth and death dates on their headstones. The dash that says what a person has accomplished in their life. The dash that takes up so little space, but holds so much meaning. What will you do with your dash? Will your dash be one of accomplishment, of success, of compassion, of love, of happiness? I respect you more(prenominal) than enough of all of these things to make up your dash. I heard a short story recently that I think seems appropriate to share. At an airport a father and daughter were saying good-bye to one another. I love you, I wish you enough. The father said. She said, Daddy, our life together has been more than enough. I wish you enough, too. They kissed good-bye and she left. Walking over toward the window where another young lady was se ated, he asked her, Did you ever say good-bye to someone acute it would be forever? ...

Does Shakespeare matter? :: essays research papers

In todays world the quality of the art form called writing is said to be somewhat diminishing, it is important for English books to keep some studies of classic literature, such as Shakespeare. I think well rounded education must(prenominal) have a strong foundation in both modern and classical literature, for the foundation in classical literature, an in-depth study of Shakespeares works would be more than sufficient. Not only was Shakespeare so skilled in his writing that he has become a significant point in the history of literature, hardly a majority of his works were written on such basic human themes that they will last for all time and must not be forgotten.William Shakespeare has become landmark in English literature. One must be familiar with the early days of English literature in order to upon) the foundation of much of more modern literatures basis. Shakespeares modern influence is still seen clearly in many ways. The success of Shakespeares works helped to set the e xample for the development of modern dramas and plays. He is also acknowledged for being one of the first writers to use any modern prose in his writings. Another sign of a truly dominant writer is one who finds even the entire existing vocabulary of the language limiting to his creativity. Shakespeare often did, and so on occasion created his own form of grammar and vocabulary, much of which has since become commonly used. Few modern writers have the skill to make new words which outride in the language, or to write in such a way that their words become used centuries later.By using just the right gang of words, or by coming up with just the right image, Shakespeare wrote many passages and entire plays that were so powerful, moving, tragic, comedic, and romantic that many are still being memorized and performed today, around four centuries later. But the greatness of Shakespeares ability lies not so much in the basic themes of his works but in the creativity he used to write the se stories of love, power, greed, discrimination, hatred, and tragedy. Therefore there can be no doubt that knowledge of the works of Shakespeare is needed for any education of English literature to be considered complete and well rounded.

Does Shakespeare matter? :: essays research papers

In todays world the quality of the art form called writing is said to be somewhat diminishing, it is important for incline literature to keep some studies of classic literature, such as Shakespeare. I think salubrious rounded education must have a bullnecked foundation in both modern and classical literature, for the foundation in classical literature, an in-depth study of Shakespeares kit and caboodle would be more(prenominal) than sufficient. Not still was Shakespeare so skilled in his writing that he has become a significant point in the history of literature, but a majority of his works were written on such basic human themes that they will last for all time and must not be forgotten.William Shakespeare has become landmark in English literature. One must be familiar with the early days of English literature in order to comprehend the foundation of much of more modern literatures basis. Shakespeares modern influence is still seen clearly in many ways. The success of Shakesp eares works helped to set the precedent for the development of modern dramas and plays. He is also acknowledged for being one of the first composers to use any modern prose in his writings. Another sign of a truly dominant writer is one who finds even the entire existing vocabulary of the language limiting to his creativity. Shakespeare often did, and so on occasion created his testify form of grammar and vocabulary, much of which has since become commonly used. Few modern writers have the skill to make new words which stick in the language, or to write in such a way that their words become used centuries later.By using just the right combination of words, or by climax up with just the right image, Shakespeare wrote many passages and entire plays that were so powerful, moving, tragic, comedic, and romantic that many are still being memorized and performed today, almost four centuries later. But the wideness of Shakespeares ability lies not so much in the basic themes of his work s but in the creativity he used to write these stories of love, power, greed, discrimination, hatred, and tragedy. so there can be no doubt that knowledge of the works of Shakespeare is needed for any education of English literature to be considered complete and well rounded.

Death and Women in Sadegh Hedayat’s “The Blind Owl” Essay

INTRODUCTIONSadeq Hedayats The contrivance Owl is one of the close important literary works in Persian language. The original Persian text of The Blind Owl, marked not for sale in Iran, appeared as a mimeographed publication in India in 1937. It was assumed at the time that Hedayat feared the repressive rule of Reza Shah he feared especially that with the publication of this work he might render violated the established norms. He was aware that the propagation of a message that focused on the strangulation of the Iranian people, on the denial of individual gentlemans gentleman rights, and on the need for individual enlightenment would not remain undetected for ever. The central theme of the story is an attempt toward the resolution of the generators dualistic experiences of the real versus unreal, the sensual against the spiritual and death as opposed to behavior. Underlying his problems are sexual fear, association of women with death (a common theme in literature) and crime affiliated with death and women.Perhaps no other modern Iranian writer has been claimed by his countrymen more than Sadegh Hedayat has. A tale of one mans isolation, the novel contains a maze of symbols, recurring images, social commentary, allusions to opium-induced tell aparts, contemplations of the human condition, interjections on art, and references to literary and religious textsall of which cast off, for decades, made it fertile ground for critical interpretation. The close to long-standing theory was espoused by the Iranian Communist Party (Tudeh), with which Hedayat for a time sym thoroughfareized. The Tudehs claim was that the black mood in the book is an allusion to life infra Reza Shah, who ruled Iran from 1925 until 1941.But as scholar Homa Katouzian points out in Sadeq Hedayat The Life and Legend of an Iranian Writer, while Hedayat did oppose the shahs tyrannical reign, the book is a far more universal statement about alienation. Often compared to the work of Franz Kafka (whom Hedayat admired), The Blind Owl overly brings to mind Fernando Pessoas The Book of Disquiet in its stark meditation on dejection.There are sores which slowly erode the mind in solitude like a physical body of canker, begins the book, and in the pages that accomp both we glimpse this solitude, through the cashiers room, which stands upon the ruins of thousands of ancient houses like a tomb through the landscape of crouching, accursed trees, between which thither are ash-grey houses where no living creature could ever have dwelt and through the narrators estrangement from the rabble-men who bear an expression of greed on their faces, in pursuance of money and sexual satisfaction. An ethereal girl appearing throughout offers hope. She is the image the narrator paints on his pen cases, a pot he falls in love with, and the portrait on an ancient jar, inside an almond-shaped panel (perhaps a reference to a mandorla, an almond-shaped contour found around images of blood y shamethe almond representing virgin birth). But the girl has a double nature, resurfacing as the narrators cunning mother, and, later, as his promiscuous wife.SYMBOLISM OF DEATH AND WOMEN IN SADEGH HEDAYATS THE BLIND OWLThe word manic is important in connection to the story. The narrator wants the ethereal woman to remain in the world of death. Furthermore, she must remain out of touch and not to be seen by others. Later on, when the ethereal woman and the mother image become the same, one realizes why the narrator is so pre-occupied with woman as a focus of the problem of life and death. Mother is the birth giver. The narrator is mystified by the strange psychic state of his mother. The mother withdraws and there is an intense need to find her. The ethereal woman becomes the mother. How could anyone bear a sex encounter with her, to enter her body? Therefore any suggestion of love intimacy with women in the sexual sense must be avoided. For him it is not possible. At this point, sexual love becomes the focus of the collapse of warranter and of being.A tendency for suicide arises when he believes that a world in which it is not possible to distinguish the reality from the painted appearance is exists. This weariness with life is a symbol of schizoid suicide, which leads into withdrawal into death, into a ghostly world. In the unconscious, the narrator believes that the corruption of relationships through sexual contact brings nothingness. This again indicates the presence of a schizoid element in his mind. A person with a schizoid mind seeks isolation. Union with a woman will not take him into the path of separateness, so he buries the woman. Now he can be free. He is alone but alive. In the process, he is denouncing the inferior half of himself, the woman in him, the part that he fears may corrupt and make him diseased.He expresses the intolerable perplexity of woman as a focus of appearance and reality. But this doubt of women is not misogyny. It is a r esult of profound pondering of problems of human nature and being. Hedayats association of women with death, his inability to deal with realism through the horror of the tragic, and a paranoid attitude accompanying his inability to tolerate and accept his own mortal reality indicates a form of dissociation from reality which serves as a clue to his existence problem. In the Blind Owl, the writer fails to establish existential authenticity and freedom. This is because in his struggle through re-birth, his view of self, others and the world in general is dominated by his rejection of his female person elements of being and knowing. Such rejection is mainly due to his schizoid problems, but it is also magnified by the prevailing attitudes toward women in his native country.CONCLUSIONTo take you inside such a mind in such a brief book is an achievement up there with Poe and Kafka- to perceive the hell of isolation within ones own head is to show how the narrators madness is an endlessly coherent vision of the world. It corresponds to the way that he sees the world- and that vision is not inconsistent or inadequate in its own terms. He functions as a system of epistemology, processing revolutionary information, but never progressing and never learning. A feminist critique might stop there- but I dont hazard we should- I think there is more to say here about the way he thinks of women and the way that that relates to the way he thinks about truth. The male intellectuals of the period and long after accepting principles of equality and freedom for both the sexes and at the same time growing up with the traditional notions of good, non sexual, virginal woman no doubt would have had problems coping with the new image.They did not know whether to be on their knees to her in reverence to her as the good mother figure, or full of sensual scorn for her as the whore. Ultimately, these men would be in need of her presence or impelled to destroy her. Hedayat would have bee n no exception. His preference for the spiritual, non-sexual contact with women can also be attributed to his inability to cope with the emergence of the new woman. The female characters therefore may be seen as dramatizations of endopsychic situations, to be understood as attempts to express the writers attitudes to women and to his own female element, and to embody these attitudes to the female knowledge in order to deal with problems of identity and being. In turn, his cultural experiences and the masculinity of the society in which he lives also influence such dramatizations.In a manlike society, such as Iran, a great deal of the contemporary culture needs to be explained in terms of the development of modes of false strength, which are based on a certain male dynamic. Where there is a deep hazard of existence, this male dynamic is employed as a substitute for the female element of being. In these societies reality is normally located in the masculine paradigm, in which all f emale elements of being and knowing have been eradicated. In these situations, men will have problems accepting their culturally unacceptable and inferior female element. It should also be noted that men of Hedayats era, for the first time in the Iranian history, witnessed the transformation of the traditional Iranian women into modern twentieth century womenthe kind who joined the ranks of the political parties, rallied, had lovers had abortions and even bore illegitimate children. They also challenged the bipolar image of women as the virtuous versus women as prostitutes.REFRENCES_ Ghotbi, M.I. This is The Blind Owl. Tehran Tabesh P, 1934. _ earn http//assets.cambridge.org/052159/1953/sample/0521591953web.pdf . _ See The Blind Owl by Sadegh Hedayat , http//www.almaclassics.com/excerpts/blindowl.pdf . _ See Campbel, J., The Masks of God, Condor Books, London Press, 1973. _ Jung, C.G. 1950, Psychology and literature in The spirit in Man, art and literature Ark Edition Publication, London, 1967. _ 1920, Trauma of stimulate ,Dover Publication, 1993._ The Double ,The university of North Carolina Press 1971, KARNAC, London, 1989. _ See http//www.angelfire.com/rnb/bashiri/BlindOwl/blindowl.html . _ See http//therumpus.net/2010/10/why-i-love-sadegh-hedayats-the-blind-owl/. _ The Era of Reza Shah. Washington Library of Congress, 1998. Yarshater, Ehsan, ed. Sadegh Hedayat An Anthology. _Colorado Westview P, 1979. _See http//docs.lib.purdue.edu/clcweb ._ Mannani, Manijeh. Modern Middle Eastern belles-lettres. Department of Comparative Literature Lecture Series, Department of Comparative Literature, University of Alberta, September 1998. _Rahimieh, Nasrin. A Systemic Approach to Modern Persian Prose Fiction. World Literature Today 63 (1989) 15-19. _Beard, Michael. Hedayats Blind Owl as a Western Novel. New Jersey Princeton UP, 1990. _Fanon, Frantz. The Wretched of the Earth. Trans. Constance Farrington. New York Grove P, 1963. _ ale Ahmad, Jalal. Iranian Education and the University. Trans. Michael Hillmann. Iranian Society An Anthology of Writings. By Jalal ale Ahmad. Ed. Michael Hillmann. Kentucky Mazda Publishers, 1982. 116-21. _ ale Ahmad, Jalal. Epilogue. Trans. Michael Hillmann. Iranian Society An Anthology of Writing. Jalal ale Ahmad. Ed. Michael Hillmann. Kentucky Mazda Publishers, 1982. 143-48. _ Yasamine C. Coulter, A Comparative Post-Colonial Approach to Hedayats The Blind Owl. _ Comparative Literature and Culture 2.3 (2000)

Enron Case Study

When Sharron Watkins, the former UP of Corporate Development offered to show the problems in counting ratiocinations, Ken Lay, the Chair of the come on refused and said He rather non see it. 2. Regulatory Agencies, mho and BAS Enron was able to report their losses behind their ESP. or Special Purpose Entities by omitting an Specs assets and liabilities from its consolidated fiscal statements and both SEC and BAS failed to turn in formal guidelines for companies to follow in ESP. report and reporting.As a result of the minimal legal and chronicle guidelines for Esp., Enron along with early(a) companies was able to divert huge amounts of their liabilities and asses to off-balance sheet entities. 3. Management and Accounting team of Enron Both management and story team Of Enron manipulated the revenue recognition dominion by making vague assumptions that inflated the profits booked on Enrons commodity contr good turns. There attempt was to animation the stock prices high by showing inflated pecuniary statements in order to receive high credit ratings and increased lender cash flow into the comp any(prenominal). 4.Anderson Accounting Firm The Anderson flying, an free analyze firm failed to provide a more transpargonnt financial statements of Enron. Anderson firm analyseed the many for 1 5 categorys where its dateers failed to perform their duties and professional standards of accounting. In fact, Anderson do efforts to restructure Enrons ESP. to continue to qualify as unconsolidated entities erst they became aw be of Enrons rapidly deteriorating financial condition. Anderson firm was more interested in retaining Enron as their lymph gland to provide consulting operate hence creating a encroach of interest.Lists three type of consulting services that study firm concur provided to their take stock client in youthful years. For each item, indicate the specific threats, if any, that the reversion of the given services buttocks pose for a n study firm independence. Auditors independence is considered a cornerstone in the accounting profession since they argon entrusted by the general worldly concern to provide true picture of a caller-ups financial position. It is believed that non- canvas services provided by audit firms impair meeters independence to fairly attest the financial statements produced by the client caller-up.Consulting and audit a same firm causes conflict of interest. Anderson firm earned approximately $52 million in fees from Enron in 2000, less than half of which was directly elated to the auditing, rest were for non-audit services. Audit firm whitethorn provide many types of consulting services such(prenominal) as 1. Tax consulting services 2. Accounting system design services 3. Bookkeeping or another(prenominal) related to services 4. Financial advice services, including inner audit consulting service. In this highly competitive market, non-audit services encounter taken precedence ove r the traditional accounting and auditing services.Even if an audit firm is fairly attesting financial statements and provides honest suasion of a gild, its stakeh over-the-hillers and other users whitethorn still presume otherwise due o the recent accounting debacles such as Enron and Anderson firm. The additional non-audit services may usher to be a threat to the audit firms independence. By providing financial advice services for Enrons accounting procedures, Anderson provided them an opportunity to manipulate the reporting and treatment of the Esp..Bookkeeping and following straighten out accounting procedures are very important components of preparing financial statements. Manipulations of these data are likely to show up when it is audited accurately, and with precision. When the same company repaper and audits the financial statements, it can make water conflict of interest just like in this case, where the creators of accounting procedures I. E the management and Anders on team fabricated the financial statements by using complex accounting procedures and loopholes that users could not down the stairsstand.Any other consulting services such as tax advisory in addition creates a threat to the independence of the auditing firm, where manipulations are more likely to return which can hurt the creditability of the audited statements and the auditors opinion about the company. For purpose of this question, assume that the excerpts from the Power Report shown in Exhibit 3 provide accurate description of Andersens appointment in Enron accounting and financial reporting decisions. Given this assumption, do you believe that Andersens involvement in those decisions violated any professional auditing standards?If so, lists those standards and briefly explain your rationale. Arthur Anderson, once known as one of the top accounting firms in nation, was ridiculed and criticized for their questionable accounting and auditing procedures of their client Enron, which ultimately lead to its demise. Their faulty accounting intrusts shattered investor self-confidence in auditors by dint ofout the country and make way to Serbians-Solely Act of 2002 and the creation of Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PEPCO) to oversee the rule-making process for autarkic audit function.Anderson provided impertinent auditing, versed auditing and consulting services to Enron. They violated some(prenominal) of their professional and ethical standards by accepting large suns in fees and perhaps by expression the other way to the faulty accounting practices contemplated by Enrons management ND giving them an unqualified audit opinion on the financial statements. Andersen earned around $52 million from Enron during 2000, except only $25 million was payment in reference to the 2000 audit. With such an involvement in non-audit services they were not independent of the company, violating the roughly important standard of auditing.They put their ow n interest before the interest of the users of their audited financial statements and opinion. From the excerpts it can be concluded that they were deeply involved in the accounting and structuring of the Esp., where they were more interested in electing millions of dollars in fees and failed to provide objective accounting judgment that should keep prevented these minutes from going forward. Andersen failed to bring to the wariness of Enron internal Audit and Compliance Committee about the serious reservations brought on internally about the related- piecey transactions, I. . Esp., which understandably shows the violation of professional auditing standards. Anderson firm should have supervised the auditing services provided by its auditors to maintain independence. This lacks of planning and supervision made Anderson to be highly involved in client accounting and financial porting decisions. Anderson had concerns about the disclosures of the related third-party transactions in the financial statement footnotes and instead of pointing those out to the Audit and Compliance Committee they vouched on its accuracy and issued an unqualified opinion on the financial.Enron Case break downExecutive Summary As per requested this assemblage assignment prepared from Group 2 (NASA) contributed by Norazman Saharum , Shaufi Akil , Abd Manaf Jalil and Zubir Zainal Abidin . This group assignment part of closing human body entitle for 25 marks . This assignment to fulfill our MSU MBA Syllabus for subject Accounting For Corporate and Evaluation (DAC 5013) instructed by Dr Mazlinah Mat Zain . Our group have elect The Arthur Andersen Troubles. The most known filth case Arthur Anderson scandal was involved in was the duplicitous auditing of Enron.In this case Arthur Anderson iotaded vital documents sourcing the audit of Enron which occurred in the year 2002. Enron has clearly done some damage to the U. S. economy, but it bequeath not hold up recovery from the current recession. The fundamental wellness of the U. S. economy is self-colored and now getting secureer. Some individual in the altogether economy companies leave alone have depressed stock prices for some time, but they, as well as, will recover as they demonstrate that they are prepared to prevent Enron-like behaviour. We do believe Enron will be the morality play of the radical economy.It will memorize executives and the American general the most important ethical motive lessons of this decade. We will discuss more information on this issues establish on the question given on Arthur Andersen and among them are the conflict of interest between the two roles played by Arthur Andersen, as auditor but also as consultant to Enron the lack of attention shown by members of the Enron posting of directors to the off-books financial entities with which Enron did art and the lack of truthfulness by management about the health of the company and its business operations.Lastly, we would like to thanks to Dr Mazlinah on her dedicated and stabilizing to achieve our mission and mission to be a successful entrepreneur for the future. Arthur Andersen case study reminds us the most important ethics lessons of this decade. AMIN. Introduction Arthur Andersen LLP, based in Chicago, was once one the Big Five accounting firms among Price Water House Coopers, Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, Ernst & Young and KPMG , providing auditing, tax, and consulting services to large corporations.In 2002, the firm voluntarily surrendered its licenses to practice as Certified Public Accounting in the United States after being found guilty of criminal charges relating to the firms discourse of the auditing of Enron, the vim corporation, resulting in the loss of 85,000 jobs. In this case Arthur Andersen shredded the vital documents sourcing the audit of Enron which occurred in the year 2002 . Although the verdict was subsequently upset by the overbearing Court of the United States, it has not returned as a viable business.However, how did this company get the reputation that it has while following such a moral slogan? As the clients demanded for more profit margins , Arthur Andersen scandal had to compromise his morality leading to the allegation that he had fraudulently altered the statement of such companies and corporation for face Sunbeam Products, fluff Management Inc. , Asia Pulp and Paper, The Baptist Foundation of Arizona , and WorldCom . payable to the downfall of Arthur Andersen, it confounded nearly all of its business and clients.It lost not millions but billions of dollars due to this intense investigation. Although it is still in business and operating under Omega Management and has not as of yet declare bankruptcy, the firm will never reach its past legacy. Arthur Andersons motto of Think straight, talk straight has perpetually been tainted in the eyes of Americans corporations. This devastation of fraudulent activity has forever left(p) a deep an d painful scar on Americas businesses. . The Arthur Andersens Troubles Question 1 What did Arthur Andersen (AA) contribute to the Enron incident?The most famous scandal case Arthur Andersen was involved in was the fraudulent auditing of Enron. In this case Arthur Andersen shredded vital documents sourcing the audit of Enron which occurred in the year 2002. gibe to Watkin, a financial executive who worked with Andrew Fastow told Enron CEO Kenneth Lay she feared that Enron would implode in a wave of accounting audit scandal (1 USA Today, Wed, Jan 16, 2002) AA apparent mistakes may have been made for several reasons to the Enron disaster including Incompetence , as displayed and admitted in the rhythms case . Judgement errors . as to the significants of each of the audit findings, or of the aggregate pertain in any fiscal year. Lack of information caused by Enron staff not providing critical information, or failure on the part of AA personal to inquisition it out . era pressur es related to revenue generations and budget pressures that prevented adequate audit work and the full considerations of complex SPE and prepay financial arrangements . Desire not to stay Enron management or advise the Enron board in order not to upset management, and particularly fastow, Skilling and Lay Lack of Independence. The Board of Directors failed to ensure the independence of the company auditor , allowing AA to provide internal audit and consulting services while serving the Enron outside auditors . A failure of AAs internal policies whereby the concerns of a quality throw or practice standards partner can and was overruled by the audit partner in charge of the Enron account. AA was the only one of the Big 5 accounting forms to have this flaw and it left the entire firm vulnerable to the decisions of the person with the most to lose by saying no to a client. A misunderstanding of the fiducial role essendial by auditors . for ideal AA allowing Enron to engage in high risk accounting , inappropriate conflict of interest transactions, extensive undisclosed off-the-books activities and overweening executive allowance . Given this tone at the top. It is reasonable to assume that AA partners were going to be motivated by revenue generations. But if as well many risks are taken in the pursuit of revenue the probability of a series of audit problems leading to increasingly unfavorable consequences becomes greater .That is on the dot what happened to Enron disaster. Unfortunately, the leaders of AA failed to fleck the cumulative degree to which the public, the politicians, and the SEC (The Securities and Exchange Commission) were angered by the progression of AA audit failures . Question 2 What Arthur Andersen (AA) decision were faulty? Arthur Andersen (AA) decision were faulty . This is the Enron carnage section presented previously covers in detail many of the questionable accounting transactions, legal structures, and related disclosures that AA reviewed as auditors of and consultants to Enron.AA faulty may have been made for several reason , including AA apparently approved as auditors and consultants (and collected fees for the consulting advice) the structure of many special purpose entities (SPEs) that were used to generate false profits, hide losses, and keep funding off Enrons consolidated financial statements , failed to meet the postulate outsiders 3 percent equity at risk, and decision control criteria for non integrating . AA failed to recognize the more often than not accepted accounting principle (GAAP) that prohibits the recording of shares issued as an increase in shareholders equity unless they are issued for cash . AA did not advise Enrons audit direction that Andrew Fastow, Enrons CFO and his helpers were involved in significant conflict of interest situations without adequate alternative means of managing these conflicts. AA did not advise the Enron audit committee that Enrons policies and inter nal control were not adequate to protect the shareholders interests even though AA had assumed Enrons internal audit functions . Many transactions between Enron and the SPEs were not in the interest of Enron shareholders since a) Enron profits and cash flow were manipulated and grossly inflated, misleading investors and falsely boosting management bonus arrangements. b) Extraordinarily overgenerous deals, fees, and excretion arrangements were made by Fastow, or under his influence, with SPEs owned to Fastow , his family, and Kopper, who was also as employee of Enron . AA aparently did not adequately consider, the advice of its quality control partner, Carl Bass. He asked AA for an accounting change that would have resulted in a $30 $50 million charge to Enrons earnings. AA apparently did not find significant audit evidence, or did not act upon evidence found, related to the 1)Mistaken valuation of shares or share rights transferred to SPEs 2)Side deals between Enron and banks rem oving the banks risk from transactions such as the a) Chewco SPE Rhythms hedge. ) Numerous prepay deals for energy futures, even though AA made a presentations to Enron on the GAAP and AA requirements that preclude such arrangements. Questions 3 What was the prime motivation behind the decision of Arthur Andersens audit partners on the Enron, WorldCom, Waste Management the public interest or? Cite examples that reveal this motivation . The AA was motivated by greed instead of serving the public interest. The amount of gold they got from the consulting fee has compromised their auditing works.In 1997, client Waste Management Inc. had the largest earnings restatement to date, wiping out $1. 7 billion in profits that it pulled in through the 1990s. The lead auditor on Waste Management was Robert Allgyer, who was known inside the firm as the Rainmaker for his success in cross-selling extra services to auditing clients. He was clearly successful at selling to Waste Management, which pa id $17. 8 million in fees unrelated to the audit between 1991 and 1997, against audit fees of $7. 5 million.But he was also subscribe off on drastically inaccurate books. Among other things, the fast-growing trash hauler wasnt properly writing off the value of assets such as scraps trucks as they aged, a ruse that pumped up reported profits. The SECs acting commissioner, Laura Unger, concluded that the agency had the smoking gun it was looking for to prove that the lure of consulting fees compromised auditor independence. The SEC filed suit in March 2002, accusing six former Waste Management executives of fraud. It alleges that Mr.Allgyers judgment was skewed by consulting fees, in particular a $3. 7 million strategic overview of Waste Management operations. The project lasted for 11 months, but the client didnt postulate the recommendations. Bellow table shown example AAs involvements in the major financial scandals as the audit firm that failed to discover their mistakes that r eveal this motivation CLIENT PROBLEM MISSED, DATE LOSSES TO SHAREHOLDERS trade LOSSES AA fair WorldCom $4. billion overstatement of 4179. 3 one million million million 17,000 N. A earnings announced on June 25, 2002 Inflation of ncome, asset, etc bankrupt Dec 2, 2001 Enron $66. 4 one thousand million 6,100 $. 5 Million Overstatement of income by (for shredding) $1. billion, 1992-1996 $7 Million Waste Management 420. 5 Billion 11,000 Question 7 Under what circumstances should audit firm shred or destroy operative paper ?According to section 802 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, accountants who audit or review an issuers financial statements are required to retain accepted records relevant to that audit or review. These records include workpapers and other documents that form the basis of the audit or review, and memoranda, correspondence, communications, other documents, and records (including electronic records), which are c reated, sent or accredited in connection with the audit or review, and discipline conclusions, opinions, analyses, or financial data related to the audit or review.To coordinate with outgoing auditing standards concerning the store of audit documentation, the rule requires that these records be retained for seven years after the auditor concludes the audit or review of the financial statements. Refer to the in a higher place question, for example if we as a professional audit firm cant simply shred or destroy working paper. How long to keep a document, when and how to farm animal the document, and how to dispose of the document, will depend on the type of document . As any internal auditor knows, there are numerous types of documents that may be accumulated as part f an audit or review. The final rule here requires the retention of all records relevant to the audit, including working papers and other documents that form the basis of the audited financial statements, as well as certain supporting documents. The guideline for document retention is that they must meet two criteria (1) Documents are created, sent, or received in connection with the audit or review, (2) the documents contain conclusions, opinions, analyses, or financial data related to the audit or review.Both Enron and Arthur Andersen are now gone, but this audit work-paper clean-up exercise, no doubt, was a major motivating factor for the Sarbanes-Oxley Act , Section 802 rules outlining penalties for the destruction of documents. The rules require external auditors who audit or review an enterprises financial statements to retain certain records relevant to that work, including work papers and other documents that form the basis of the audit or review.These retention requirements include memoranda, correspondence, communications, other documents, and records, as well as related electronic records that are created, sent, or received in connection with the audit work and contain conclusions, opinions, analyses, or financial data related to the work. These records are to be retained for seven years after the auditor concludes the financial statements review. This rule was nothing new for many internal auditors as many audit functions have followed similar document retention rules based on U.S. tax document retention guidelines. The rules also states that if you know your company is under investigation, or even suspect that it might be, all document destruction and alteration must stop immediately. And, you must create a company records showing that youve ordered a halt to all automatic e-data destruction practices. Question 8 Answer the Lingering Question on page 94 . Enron has clearly done some damage to the U. S. economy, but it will not hold up recovery from the current recession.The fundamental health of the U. S. economy is strong and now getting stronger. I do believe Enron will be the morality play of the new economy. It will teach executives and the American publ ic the most important ethics lessons of this decade. Among these lessons are 1. You make currency in the new economy in the same ways you make money in the old economy by providing goods or services that have real value. 2. Financial cleverness is no substitute for a good corporeal strategy. . The arrogance of bodily executives who claim they are the best and the brightest, the most innovative, and who present themselves as superstars should be a red flag for investors, directors and the public. 4. Executives who are paid too much can think they are above the rules and can be tempted to cut ethical corners to retain their wealth and perquisites. 5. Government regulations and rules need to be updated for the new economy, not relaxed and eliminated.Due to the downfall of Arthur Anderson, it lost nearly all of its business ,employees, and clients. It lost not millions but billions of dollars due to this intense investigation. Although it is still in business and operating under Ome ga Management and has not as of yet declared bankruptcy, the firm will never reach its past legacy. We believe accounting regulations should be altered to prohibit ownership of both auditing and consulting services by the same accounting firm.Accounting firms are already moving to sever their consulting businesses. The SEC should probably adopt additional disclosure requirements. Various regulators should tighten requirements for directors to be alert and provide protections for whistleblowers who bring improper behaviour to public attention. But, in the final analysis, the solution to an Enron-type scandal lies in the attentiveness of directors and in the truthfulness and integrity of executives. Clever individuals will always find ways to conceal information or to engage in fraud.Enron Case StudyExecutive Summary As per requested this group assignment prepared from Group 2 (NASA) contributed by Norazman Saharum , Shaufi Akil , Abd Manaf Jalil and Zubir Zainal Abidin . This group a ssignment part of final course entitle for 25 marks . This assignment to fulfill our MSU MBA Syllabus for subject Accounting For Corporate and Evaluation (DAC 5013) instructed by Dr Mazlinah Mat Zain . Our group have chosen The Arthur Andersen Troubles. The most famous scandal case Arthur Anderson scandal was involved in was the fraudulent auditing of Enron.In this case Arthur Anderson shredded vital documents sourcing the audit of Enron which occurred in the year 2002. Enron has clearly done some damage to the U. S. economy, but it will not hold up recovery from the current recession. The fundamental health of the U. S. economy is strong and now getting stronger. Some individual new economy companies will have depressed stock prices for some time, but they, too, will recover as they demonstrate that they are prepared to prevent Enron-like behaviour. We do believe Enron will be the morality play of the new economy.It will teach executives and the American public the most important e thics lessons of this decade. We will discuss more information on this issues based on the question given on Arthur Andersen and among them are the conflict of interest between the two roles played by Arthur Andersen, as auditor but also as consultant to Enron the lack of attention shown by members of the Enron board of directors to the off-books financial entities with which Enron did business and the lack of truthfulness by management about the health of the company and its business operations.Lastly, we would like to thanks to Dr Mazlinah on her dedicated and helpful to achieve our mission and mission to be a successful entrepreneur for the future. Arthur Andersen case study reminds us the most important ethics lessons of this decade. AMIN. Introduction Arthur Andersen LLP, based in Chicago, was once one the Big Five accounting firms among Price Water House Coopers, Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, Ernst & Young and KPMG , providing auditing, tax, and consulting services to large corpor ations.In 2002, the firm voluntarily surrendered its licenses to practice as Certified Public Accounting in the United States after being found guilty of criminal charges relating to the firms handling of the auditing of Enron, the energy corporation, resulting in the loss of 85,000 jobs. In this case Arthur Andersen shredded the vital documents sourcing the audit of Enron which occurred in the year 2002 . Although the verdict was subsequently overturned by the Supreme Court of the United States, it has not returned as a viable business.However, how did this company get the reputation that it has while following such a moral slogan? As the clients demanded for more profit margins , Arthur Andersen scandal had to compromise his morality leading to the allegation that he had fraudulently altered the statement of such companies and corporation for example Sunbeam Products, Waste Management Inc. , Asia Pulp and Paper, The Baptist Foundation of Arizona , and WorldCom . Due to the downfal l of Arthur Andersen, it lost nearly all of its business and clients.It lost not millions but billions of dollars due to this intense investigation. Although it is still in business and operating under Omega Management and has not as of yet declared bankruptcy, the firm will never reach its past legacy. Arthur Andersons motto of Think straight, talk straight has forever been tainted in the eyes of Americans corporations. This devastation of fraudulent activity has forever left a deep and painful scar on Americas businesses. . The Arthur Andersens Troubles Question 1 What did Arthur Andersen (AA) contribute to the Enron disaster?The most famous scandal case Arthur Andersen was involved in was the fraudulent auditing of Enron. In this case Arthur Andersen shredded vital documents sourcing the audit of Enron which occurred in the year 2002. According to Watkin, a financial executive who worked with Andrew Fastow told Enron CEO Kenneth Lay she feared that Enron would implode in a wave o f accounting audit scandal (1 USA Today, Wed, Jan 16, 2002) AA apparent mistakes may have been made for several reasons to the Enron disaster including Incompetence , as displayed and admitted in the rhythms case . Judgement errors . as to the significants of each of the audit findings, or of the aggregate impact in any fiscal year. Lack of information caused by Enron staff not providing critical information, or failure on the part of AA personal to search it out . Time pressures related to revenue generations and budget pressures that prevented adequate audit work and the full considerations of complex SPE and prepay financial arrangements . Desire not to confront Enron management or advise the Enron board in order not to upset management, and particularly fastow, Skilling and Lay Lack of Independence. The Board of Directors failed to ensure the independence of the company auditor , allowing AA to provide internal audit and consulting services while serving the Enron outside a uditors . A failure of AAs internal policies whereby the concerns of a quality control or practice standards partner can and was overruled by the audit partner in charge of the Enron account. AA was the only one of the Big 5 accounting forms to have this flaw and it left the entire firm vulnerable to the decisions of the person with the most to lose by saying no to a client. A misunderstanding of the fiduciary role required by auditors . for example AA allowing Enron to engage in high risk accounting , inappropriate conflict of interest transactions, extensive undisclosed off-the-books activities and excessive executive compensation . Given this tone at the top. It is reasonable to assume that AA partners were going to be motivated by revenue generations. But if too many risks are taken in the pursuit of revenue the probability of a series of audit problems leading to increasingly unfavorable consequences becomes greater .That is exactly what happened to Enron disaster. Unfortunate ly, the leaders of AA failed to recognize the cumulative degree to which the public, the politicians, and the SEC (The Securities and Exchange Commission) were angered by the progression of AA audit failures . Question 2 What Arthur Andersen (AA) decision were faulty? Arthur Andersen (AA) decision were faulty . This is the Enron Debacle section presented previously covers in detail many of the questionable accounting transactions, legal structures, and related disclosures that AA reviewed as auditors of and consultants to Enron.AA faulty may have been made for several reason , including AA apparently approved as auditors and consultants (and collected fees for the consulting advice) the structure of many special purpose entities (SPEs) that were used to generate false profits, hide losses, and keep financing off Enrons consolidated financial statements , failed to meet the required outsiders 3 percent equity at risk, and decision control criteria for non consolidation . AA failed to recognize the generally accepted accounting principle (GAAP) that prohibits the recording of shares issued as an increase in shareholders equity unless they are issued for cash . AA did not advise Enrons audit committee that Andrew Fastow, Enrons CFO and his helpers were involved in significant conflict of interest situations without adequate alternative means of managing these conflicts. AA did not advise the Enron audit committee that Enrons policies and internal control were not adequate to protect the shareholders interests even though AA had assumed Enrons internal audit functions . Many transactions between Enron and the SPEs were not in the interest of Enron shareholders since a) Enron profits and cash flow were manipulated and grossly inflated, misleading investors and falsely boosting management bonus arrangements. b) Extraordinarily overgenerous deals, fees, and liquidation arrangements were made by Fastow, or under his influence, with SPEs owned to Fastow , his famil y, and Kopper, who was also as employee of Enron . AA aparently did not adequately consider, the advice of its quality control partner, Carl Bass. He asked AA for an accounting change that would have resulted in a $30 $50 million charge to Enrons earnings. AA apparently did not find significant audit evidence, or did not act upon evidence found, related to the 1)Mistaken valuation of shares or share rights transferred to SPEs 2)Side deals between Enron and banks removing the banks risk from transactions such as the a) Chewco SPE Rhythms hedge. ) Numerous prepay deals for energy futures, even though AA made a presentations to Enron on the GAAP and AA requirements that preclude such arrangements. Questions 3 What was the prime motivation behind the decision of Arthur Andersens audit partners on the Enron, WorldCom, Waste Management the public interest or? Cite examples that reveal this motivation . The AA was motivated by greed instead of serving the public interest. The amount of money they got from the consulting fee has compromised their auditing works.In 1997, client Waste Management Inc. had the largest earnings restatement to date, wiping out $1. 7 billion in profits that it pulled in through the 1990s. The lead auditor on Waste Management was Robert Allgyer, who was known inside the firm as the Rainmaker for his success in cross-selling extra services to auditing clients. He was clearly successful at selling to Waste Management, which paid $17. 8 million in fees unrelated to the audit between 1991 and 1997, against audit fees of $7. 5 million.But he was also signing off on drastically inaccurate books. Among other things, the fast-growing trash hauler wasnt properly writing off the value of assets such as garbage trucks as they aged, a ruse that pumped up reported profits. The SECs acting commissioner, Laura Unger, concluded that the agency had the smoking gun it was looking for to prove that the lure of consulting fees compromised auditor independence . The SEC filed suit in March 2002, accusing six former Waste Management executives of fraud. It alleges that Mr.Allgyers judgment was skewed by consulting fees, in particular a $3. 7 million strategic overview of Waste Management operations. The project lasted for 11 months, but the client didnt adopt the recommendations. Bellow table shown example AAs involvements in the major financial scandals as the audit firm that failed to discover their mistakes that reveal this motivation CLIENT PROBLEM MISSED, DATE LOSSES TO SHAREHOLDERS JOB LOSSES AA FINE WorldCom $4. billion overstatement of 4179. 3 Million 17,000 N. A earnings announced on June 25, 2002 Inflation of ncome, asset, etc bankrupt Dec 2, 2001 Enron $66. 4 Billion 6,100 $. 5 Million Overstatement of income by (for shredding) $1. billion, 1992-1996 $7 Million Waste Management 420. 5 Billion 11,000 Question 7 Under what circumstances should audit firm shred or destroy working paper ?According to section 802 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, accountants who audit or review an issuers financial statements are required to retain certain records relevant to that audit or review. These records include workpapers and other documents that form the basis of the audit or review, and memoranda, correspondence, communications, other documents, and records (including electronic records), which are created, sent or received in connection with the audit or review, and contain conclusions, opinions, analyses, or financial data related to the audit or review.To coordinate with forthcoming auditing standards concerning the retention of audit documentation, the rule requires that these records be retained for seven years after the auditor concludes the audit or review of the financial statements. Refer to the above question, for example if we as a professional audit firm cant simply shred or destroy working paper. How long to keep a document, when and how to store the do cument, and how to dispose of the document, will depend on the type of document . As any internal auditor knows, there are numerous types of documents that may be accumulated as part f an audit or review. The final rule here requires the retention of all records relevant to the audit, including working papers and other documents that form the basis of the audited financial statements, as well as certain supporting documents. The guideline for document retention is that they must meet two criteria (1) Documents are created, sent, or received in connection with the audit or review, (2) the documents contain conclusions, opinions, analyses, or financial data related to the audit or review.Both Enron and Arthur Andersen are now gone, but this audit work-paper clean-up exercise, no doubt, was a major motivating factor for the Sarbanes-Oxley Act , Section 802 rules outlining penalties for the destruction of documents. The rules require external auditors who audit or review an enterprises financial statements to retain certain records relevant to that work, including work papers and other documents that form the basis of the audit or review.These retention requirements include memoranda, correspondence, communications, other documents, and records, as well as related electronic records that are created, sent, or received in connection with the audit work and contain conclusions, opinions, analyses, or financial data related to the work. These records are to be retained for seven years after the auditor concludes the financial statements review. This rule was nothing new for many internal auditors as many audit functions have followed similar document retention rules based on U.S. tax document retention guidelines. The rules also states that if you know your company is under investigation, or even suspect that it might be, all document destruction and alteration must stop immediately. And, you must create a company records showing that youve ordered a halt to all auto matic e-data destruction practices. Question 8 Answer the Lingering Question on page 94 . Enron has clearly done some damage to the U. S. economy, but it will not hold up recovery from the current recession.The fundamental health of the U. S. economy is strong and now getting stronger. I do believe Enron will be the morality play of the new economy. It will teach executives and the American public the most important ethics lessons of this decade. Among these lessons are 1. You make money in the new economy in the same ways you make money in the old economy by providing goods or services that have real value. 2. Financial cleverness is no substitute for a good corporate strategy. . The arrogance of corporate executives who claim they are the best and the brightest, the most innovative, and who present themselves as superstars should be a red flag for investors, directors and the public. 4. Executives who are paid too much can think they are above the rules and can be tempted to cut ethical corners to retain their wealth and perquisites. 5. Government regulations and rules need to be updated for the new economy, not relaxed and eliminated.Due to the downfall of Arthur Anderson, it lost nearly all of its business ,employees, and clients. It lost not millions but billions of dollars due to this intense investigation. Although it is still in business and operating under Omega Management and has not as of yet declared bankruptcy, the firm will never reach its past legacy. We believe accounting regulations should be altered to prohibit ownership of both auditing and consulting services by the same accounting firm.Accounting firms are already moving to sever their consulting businesses. The SEC should probably adopt additional disclosure requirements. Various regulators should tighten requirements for directors to be alert and provide protections for whistleblowers who bring improper behaviour to public attention. But, in the final analysis, the solution to an Enron- type scandal lies in the attentiveness of directors and in the truthfulness and integrity of executives. Clever individuals will always find ways to conceal information or to engage in fraud.

To What Extent Did the Bolsheviks Succeed in the October Revolution and the Civil War Due to Weakness in Opposition?

To what extent did the bolshys succeed in the October Revolution and the Civil War due to failing in opposition? The Bolsheviks were non a majority party in Russia, and it is therefore quite an achievement that they not only managed to gain origin, but that they held on to it. On paper, you would not have thought the Bolsheviks would have been able to seize power or maintain it if faced with any substantial opposition, so does this mean that their success was dependant on the failing of their opponents? The armament support the Bolsheviks had in the October Revolution was not at all substantial.It took a mere 500 Bolshevik troops to storm the Winter castling and overthrow the Provisional political relation. It would seem that, despite the achievement the Bolsheviks has gained by creating any form of military help, the weakness of the Provisional presidential terms own military protection was the earth why the Bolsheviks had such an easy time taking power. The Provisional G overnments resistance was almost non-existent in terms of military, only a few blushful fight back soldiers were wounded, most of which may have been from accidental friendly fire, and all of the Provisional Governments forces had completely deserted.In that sense, the success of their military assault on the Provisional Government was almost entirely dependant on that the Bolsheviks did not have to face any form of opposition with similar troops anatomys. Even the famed ex-Menshevik rancid Bolshevik Leon Trotsky admitted that 500 untroub guide men could have defeated the Bolsheviks force, but also asked the rhetorical question of where the Provisional Government was to get 500 good men. However, the Civil War was quite different in terms of military conflict. The Bolsheviks were not facing armies who put up virtually no resistance.The casualties for both the Reds and the Whites were high, or so 1. 2 million for the Reds and 1. 5 million for the Whites. The Bolsheviks also fac ed 2. 4 million white troops in opposition, an infinitely larger force than that which had been protect the Provisional Government. The Bolsheviks however, had increased their own military size to an impressive 3 million. This was done through conscription, and the result was an extremely large army, make up broadly of peasants, with the to a greater extent favourable troops coming from urban backgrounds. The creation of such a ast army was certainly a show of Bolshevik strength, but again, as with the October Revolution, the armies they faced were often of low morale and not entirely devoted to the cause. The 2. 4 million in White opposition came from an eclectic background of tsarists, Hesperian anti-communists and other armies with their own agendas, such as the Czech Legion who were only really interested in Czech independence, the Kubans, as well as a number of Generals who were on the face of it all out to gain for themselves, such as General Kolchak who was elected lingu istic rule of Siberia, but also declared himself supreme ruler of Russia as well.These clashing ideals and the fact that the White forces were so scattered Geographically proved a major disadvantage, as although the Bolsheviks faced threats from all sides, these threats were part of seemingly very disorganised and uncoordinated attacks, which meant that the very contractd Red forces were able to deal with these attacks very efficiently as they were never facing large strong armies. Though the Bolsheviks advantages were not completely due to the weakness of White coordination.The Bolsheviks had decided very early on that in order to defeat the Whites, they needed to centralise their forces around Moscow, the major industrial city and new capital of Russia. Doing this allowed them quick and easy access to munitions and other military equipment, whereas the Whites were often waiting around for ammo drops from the Western allies. As well as this, the Red Army had access to and reass ure over the railways, which also helped to speed up the transportation of troops and munitions amongst the battles.With these advantages, the Red Army ended up being better equipped, more organised and were almost always in the most advantageous positions if it came to a fight. other factor which can help us to understand the strengths of the Bolsheviks and the weakness of their opposition is the public support that they had. During the October Revolution, the public support that the Provisional Government had was, like its military power, practically non-existent.The Provisional Government had never actually been elected, they had simply assumed power after the Tsars abdication, and so had never proved to the public that they were the right race for the job. Under the provisional government, the country had become almost a law unto itself, with the peasants revolting in the rural areas, illegally seizing land from landlords. This was because the provisional government had faile d to solve the land problems in Russia, and the peasants were getting so desperate that they resorted to the seizing of land, just like back in the days of the broken Tsarist system.In addition to this, there were numerous strikes in urban areas regarding the War. The War was, like the land problem, one of the primary reasons for the uprising against Nicholas IIs rule, and that the provisional government had come into power yet seemed reluctant or were unable to solve these problems greatly decreased their popularity with the Russian people. As a result, their favour was leaning more and more towards the Bolshevik dominated Soviets. Though that is not to say the Bolsheviks didnt show the initiative to pounce on the problems the Provisional Government was facing and turn them to their advantage.The Bolsheviks themselves led a number of strikes, in which they promised they would end the war and they coined the phrase Land to the peasants. They also showed great insight in their domina ting of the Soviets, which were really the more powerful of the dual authority. The Soviets had control of the army, and with the Bolsheviks trying their upmost and succeeding in gaining the most captivate of all the parties in the Soviet, they were greatly strengthening their own position.But even then, their dominance could be put down to the weakness and lack of commitment of the other parties. As mentioned before, the Bolsheviks were not the majority party, the SRs and Mensheviks had substantially greater numbers, but the reason the Bolsheviks continued to influence the Soviets most was that the other parties became lazy, and often did not bother attending soviet meetings, whereas the Bolsheviks turned up as often as possible and had much more time to influence the Soviet. The Civil War was quite different.The Bolsheviks did not really have the majority of public support. The War Communism strategy that they adopted made them very unpopular with the general populace, and there were various uprisings and protests throughout the war, however, these were all quite easily quelled by the use of either the Cheka or the Red Army. As well as this, although not all of the people agreed with the Bolsheviks they managed to conscript a huge number of people into the Red Army, even ex-Tsarists, in fact, many officers were ex-Tsarists and were kept in check by the political commissars.They also took harsh steps, known as the Red Terror, which kept the public, for the most part, cooperative out of sheer fear of being killed by the Cheka or Red Army. The White Army cannot really be said to have had a huge totality of support either. They were a very mixed bunch, and nobody really knew what they were about, and so they had no more support than the Bolsheviks from the Russian population. Perhaps one of the most alpha things a government needs to survive is a driving sense of purpose.During the October Revolution, The Provisional Government were far from an inspiring gove rnment, they had of course, sort of had power thrust upon them, they had not gained power by any amazing feat or show of power. The Bolsheviks on the other hand, were led by Lenin and Trotsky, who were both very driven individuals. They both had a phenomenal sense of purpose, being international revolutionaries, they truly believed that what they were doing could shape the world for the better.Similarly, in the Civil War, the White forces did not have a integrity direction in which they were all aiming to do, besides the destruction of the Bolsheviks. Some wanted power for themselves, some were fighting for the promise of independence, but they were not a in particular unified force, and didnt really have a leader whom they were led by, there was no white equivalent to Lenin and Trotsky. On the other hand, the Red Army were led by the inspiring Trotsky, who, though he was a harsh leader, instilled a huge sense of belief in the Red Army that they would eventually issue from the wa r victorious.In conclusion, I believe that the success of the Bolsheviks in both circumstances was not something which could have been achieved without both the strength and initiative the Bolsheviks displayed, or the weakness and lack of drive that their opposition showed, because, although the opposition in both cases had many problems, the Bolsheviks were able to take the upper hand by making sure that they were, by comparison, the stronger side, they were always just better enough so that they emerged victorious, whether they had 500 troops or 3 million, they always had the upper hand.

The South African Breweries

The South Afri freighter Breweries has gone into partnership with Stop Hunger Now South Africa to influence a campaign that contributes towards the impoverishment and hunger in Africa, specifically amongst students. This campaigns aim is to sell 8 packs of beer, and for each one sold, it will contribute towards a organic meal for a hungry student somewhere across Africa. With Africa having one of the highest poverty rates in the world, there are numerous amounts of people that go unfed daily.The SA Breweries and Stop Hunger Now campaign is aimed at all beer drinkers, but specifically students who are new to the drinking scene and are more(prenominal) likely to have an emotional impact on the advert as they see the poverty amongst the students around them daily. It is said that many students across Africa fail their studies as a result of hunger, and therefore this campaigns main focus is to help feed hungry students living in poverty all around Africa by merchandising more beer. The sole purpose of this campaign is to encourage beer drinkers to steal beer from SA Breweries, and specifically this Beer for Africa 8 pack, as it will help fund a good cause, as a part of the consumers money will go towards ensuring a student in poverty is fed a wholesome and nutritious meal. Clever tactic have been used in this campaigns advertisement to draw the audiences attention. A normal beer pack usually consists of 6 beers, and with this promotion the consumer will not only be supporting a good cause, but will also be receiveting two more beers.Consumers will therefore much rather buy the 8 pack from SA Breweries Beer for Africa promotion because they are getting more for their money and get to feel as if they have made a difference at the same time. This article seems to be presenting the truth as the campaign has provided sufficient information in the advertisement to buy ones interest, and it is also widely available end-to-end all social media platforms.There is a lso a very small chance that a big company such as SA Breweries would present an advertisement as such with false information, as it will not only bring upon great inconvenience, but it will also look extremely worse on their reputation as a well establishes South African business. The target audience of this campaigns advertisement is people who drink beer, specifically young students who can relate to the cause behind the campaign through their peers.The advert that has been displayed across many large social media platforms is very successful and does not fail to get the substance across to the audience. It is a well lay out advertisement with a very clear verbal context that makes it easy for anyone to receive the message intended and identify the cause. Although this campaign has none but good intentions, the way that the money is being raised has created many problems around the matter.The campaign does not enthral any human rights, however the fact that they are using pove rty to promote beer sales allows the audience to associate a negative feedback with the SA Breweries as it is as unethical. They are using a serious cause to market their beer in a population where binge drinking is an endemic problem, and many see this as a serious offense. If one is to really consider every aspect and detail of this advertisement, there could be serious offense taken.The fact that the campaign is specifically aimed at students could raise a social debacle as majority of the people who go unfed daily are not students. Another regaining that could be raised by this advertisement is the fact that the hands being held out with food in them in the one image are ignominious hands, and under them it says 2018 target= provide 1 million meals for students.This could raise a serious issue as it is stereotyping that black students are the ones who are in poverty and in need of the meals. The SA Breweries and Stop Hunger Now Campaigns advertisement is accessible through all social media platforms, including their Facebook page. It may also be found in bottle stores that stock their products and is open for all public to see

The Discovery of Electronics

The first practical application of electricity was the telegraph, invented by Samuel F. B. international Morse code in 1837. The need for electrical engineers was non felt until some 40 years later, upon the invention of the telephone (1876) by Alexander Graham Bell and of the light lamp (1878) by Thomas A. Edison. These devices and Edisons first telephone exchange generating plant in New York City (1882) created a large demand for men trained to work with electricity. The stripping of the Edison effect, a flow of current finished the vacuum of one of his lamps, was the first observation of current in space.Hendrick Antoon Lorentz of The Netherlands predicted the electron theory of electrical charge in 1895, and in 1897 J. J. Thomson of England showed that the Edison effect current was and then caused by negatively charged particles (electrons). This led to the work of Guglielmo Marconi of Italy, Lee De Forest of the United States, and many others, which laid the foundations of wireless engine room. In 1930 the term electronics was introduced to embrace receiving set and the industrial applications of electron tubes.Since 1947, when the transistor was invented by John Bardeen, William H. Brattain, and William B. Shockley, electronics spirit has been dominated by the applications of such solid-state electronic devices as the transistor, the semiconductor diode, and the integrated circuit. the branch of technology concerned with the practical applications of electricity in all its forms, including those of the field of electronics. Electronics engineering is that branch of electrical engineering concerned with the uses of the electromagnetic spectrum and with the application of such electronic devices as integrated circuits, transistors, and vacuum tubes.In engineering practice, the distinction between electrical engineering and electronics is establish on the comparative strength of the electric currents used. In this sense, electrical engineering is the branch dealing with heavy current-that is, electric light and power systems and apparatuses-whereas electronics engineering deals with such light current applications as wire and radio communication, the stored-program electronic computer, radar, and automatic control systems. The distinction between the fields has become less subtle with technical progress.For example, in the high-voltage transmission of electric power, large arrays of electronic devices are used to convert transmission-line current at power levels in the tens of megawatts. Moreover, in the regulation and control of interconnected power systems, electronic computers are used to compute requirements much more rapidly and accurately than is possible by manual methods Electrical phenomena attracted the attention of European thinkers as early as the 17th century. Beginning as a mathematically oriented science, the field has remained primarily in that form mathematical predication often precedes laboratory demons tration.The most noteworthy pioneers include Ludwig Wilhelm Gilbert and Georg Simon Ohm of Germany, Hans Christian Orsted of Denmark, Andre-Marie Ampere of France, Alessandro Volta of Italy, Joseph Henry of the United States, and Michael Faraday of England. Electrical engineering may be said to have emerged as a discipline in 1864 when the Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell summarized the basic laws of electricity in mathematical form and predicted that radiation of electromagnetic energy would occur in a form that later became known as radio waves.In 1887 the German physicist Heinrich Hertz experimentally demonstrated the existence of radio waves. The first practical application of electricity was the telegraph, invented by Samuel F. B. Morse in 1837. The need for electrical engineers was not felt until some 40 years later, upon the invention of the telephone (1876) by Alexander Graham Bell and of the incandescent lamp (1878) by Thomas A. Edison.These devices and Edisons first central generating plant in New York City (1882) created a large demand for men trained to work with electricity. The discovery of the Edison effect, a flow of current through the vacuum of one of his lamps, was the first observation of current in space. Hendrick Antoon Lorentz of The Netherlands predicted the electron theory of electrical charge in 1895, and in 1897 J. J. Thomson of England showed that the Edison effect current was indeed caused by negatively charged particles (electrons).This led to the work of Guglielmo Marconi of Italy, Lee De Forest of the United States, and many others, which laid the foundations of radio engineering. In 1930 the term electronics was introduced to embrace radio and the industrial applications of electron tubes. Since 1947, when the transistor was invented by John Bardeen, William H. Brattain, and William B. Shockley, electronics engineering has been dominated by the applications of such solid-state electronic devices as the transistor, the sem iconductor diode, and the integrated circuit.The functions performed by electrical and electronics engineers include (1) basic research in physics, other sciences, and use mathematics in order to extend knowledge applicable to the field of electronics, (2) applied research based on the findings of basic research and directed at discovering new applications and principles of operation, (3) development of new materials, devices, assemblies, and systems suitable for existing or proposed product lines, (4) design of devices, equipment, and systems for manufacture, (5) field-testing of equipment and systems, (6) establishment of quality control standards to be observed in manufacture, (7) supervision of manufacture and production testing, (8) postproduction assessment of performance, maintenance, and repair, and (9) engineering management, or the direction of research, development, engineering, manufacture, and marketing and sales.

Analysis of Troy Maxson Essay

The play Fences by Lloyd Richards is mostly the story of troy weight Maxson. A man of many words, some of which although may not be especially nice. He is an elderly, large black man who used to be a home run hitter in the Negro league, yet by the term of the integration of professional Baseball, troy weight was too old to benefit from it. This caused Troy to become the man he is today. Throughout the play the reader sees in prescience of what kind of man Troy Maxson really is. Yes, he is far from a perfect man, but he has an inner strength that can inspire, which makes him, above all, memorable.As a result of having his dreams ultimately shattered Troy is vulnerable. Not just vulnerable to others, but by believing in the self-created illusions he has created to cope with his forceful fall from living his dream to working at a dead end job. While being so susceptible to his own created world Troy is more than comfortable with living in his fictitious fantasy. This is seen when Troy tries to convince his friend Bono that is relationship with a women called Alberta was nothing consensual, when in reality it is obvious he was having an affair with the lady (page 1703). Throughout the whole play the readers get an idea of where the Title Fences come from. Troy Maxsons character causes conflicts with everyone else, and in doing so placing metaphoric fences around him and the ones that care about him. With these fences up all around him he rejects and puts down the dreams and desires of others because they differ from his own philosophy. There are many examples of this throughout the play, but the one that seems to stand out the most would be when he tries to completely tear down his sons dream of playing professional football (page 1716-1717).Troy Maxsons charter although represents more than just a man who is bitter from past experiences he represents human natures un resultingness to lay out to social change. Just like how the white men viewed black people , even after segregation was in full swing, they still viewed them as inferior beings. The selfsame(prenominal) concept can be seen in Troy. Troy constantly uses baseball to describe his actions as if baseball was still a major role in his day to day life. When he talks about facing death, he uses baseball terminology, comparing a face-off with the grim reaper to a affaire dhonneur between a pitcher and abatter (1706). When he bullies his son Cory, he warns him You swung the bat and didnt hit it. Thats strike one. (1726). So with this Troy becomes the perfect example for a tragic hero. Doing what he sees fit through his own eyes even though the people around him tell him that his actions will have drastic side effects, but he still stubbornly strides on pursuing his own course of action.As terrible as it may seem the experiences Troy went through were not uncommon. In fact drones of skilled African American players could not experience playing on the professional level. woefully th ey were bound to the Negro leagues due to the color of their skin, thus for having their stats lost to legend. And according to Frank Deford only after about fifty years of the Negro leagues creation are the skills and talent of these Negro League players beginning honored by modern day baseball (Deford).ReferencesDeford, Frank. Negro League Baseball. Smithsonian 41.7 (2013) 73-76. Academic Search Complete. Web. 20 Nov. 2013. Richards, Lloyd. Fences. Literature An Introduction to Reading and Writing. Ed. Edgar V. Roberts and Robert Sweig. 10th ed. New York Pearson Longman, 2012, 945-946. Print

Modern Family Essay

Family is an essential part of every persons life and of our society. Family is a little world with its own values and priorities. adjoining families apportion dreams, ideas, hopes and even possessions, and its a good side of being a family. However, as usual, every good thing can have its drawbacks. alike(p) with families they can often have different types of problems. One of the most frequent and common problems is the misunderstanding between parents and children, due to the difference of generations. This problem is especially stabbing with teenagers, who want to have more freedom, to express their self-identity in a way they want to. They can also gradually develop different values and interests which contravention with those of their parents. During this complicated periods, parents should rather try to understand their children, find the right approach to them, or find the ways to solve the conflicts. Its important to talk close to the family problems openly to solve th em.There are also many problems in modern young families, which might be based on misunderstanding, shortage of money, toughened conditions of living and else. Family conflicts often occur because of change of interests. To solve such kind of problems families should try to spend more time together. Another variety of problems occurs in all-embracing families, between brothers and sisters. They often quarrel or treat each other badly. They can also get jealous about parents attention. From one hand, nobody wants to share and many people prefer they had more privacy and freedom. From the other hand, life without siblings would be boring. There are many other problems which can take stead in any family, but when regarded with love, respect and understanding, every problem can be solved.

Why I Learn English

Why I learn face Learning English is necessary for my future career. Nowadays, practically every prestigious and well-plaid job, not only working as an English teacher, requires proficiency in this voice communication. Those who know English, nurse a big advantage on the labour-market over those who beginnert. But it certainly isnt the only reason why I learn English. I have been interested in excogitateing external languages since I went to school, and I always knew that my future profession would be connected with linguistics. I believe that the mentality of every nation is closely connected with its language.Its unrealistic to translate any text from one language into another without slight changing of its meaning. Every language has some set-phrases and sayings that appriset be translated word for word. So, when you learn to think in a foreign language, you begin to think in a incompatible way. You brook see the world from a different viewpoint. To my mind, it compensa tes the time spent on studying the language. One another reason why I study English is connected with general intellectual development. Scientists have proved that learning languages serves as an excellent culture for our brain.When a person learns one foreign language, other languages become easier for him or her to learn. On the whole, he or she begins to understand better all subjects, even if they are not connected with linguistics. Moreover, learning English provides me with superfluous opportunities. For example, I can understand, what my favorite musical bands sing its extremely important for me, as Im a music lover. Of course, one can like a song just because it sounds tuneful, hardly I prefer to understand the message that the author wanted to pass to the listeners. In addition, I can read books and watch movies in the original.Its very useful, as the interpretation not always can transmit the richness of the authors language, the subtlety of his thoughts. Another opport unity, provided by the knowledge of the English language, is the top executive to communicate with foreigners. I can get acquainted with new people while I get off abroad or just walk in Moscow, and then continue communicating with them in complaisant networks. After all, I just like English I like the way it sounds, and I image the culture and the history of England very interesting, as they have little resemblance to those of our country.

How the Hashatg trend changes TV

The coffee machine In the office kind occasiond to be the place where people gathered to talk rough the TV shows they had watched the wickedness before. Nowadays watching tv set Isnt Just about enjoying your favorite program on the sofa. 95% of the creation social chat nigh Film and television receiver happens on Twitter and other social networks. mass exchange with other fans and viewers, sh atomic number 18 their opinions and assimilate with each other via Twitter, Mainstream, Faceable and co.Studies have shown that especially the raw(a)er earreach watches television with two optics on the screen and a third on the smartened or computer. This second-screen- curl has started a parvenu movement of publicise, targeting specifically this younger audiences and open up a whole new market of advertising on Television. M both brands have already connected their Twitter accounts with TV advertising, using gabardines. This leads us to the question How does the tweed-trend change marketing and advertising In the TV and Media landscape?In this essay I provide discuss the use of washcloths as a marketing official document In the film and television Industry and how this new trend might Impact on my future c argoner goals as a writer In the television Industry. One might catch himself hireing, What an earth is a face cloth? . The washrag symbol () is mainly found on social networks worry Twitter, Mainstream and Pinsetters and quite recently Faceable joined the pass around of washrag users. A washrag symbol is used to unite specific tweets, photos, posts etc. About occurrence topics.Its a way of organizing or grouping those posts. Washrags thunder mug help users on Twitter and Mainstream to find topics that be similar to their own posts or interests. However, the Washrag is also a very economical but respectable marketing tool. The marketers of Brobdingnagian rims and companies stop track the washrag routine of social network users undo co mpose trends to boost their own companies. The washrag refers it possible for them to research popular trends on Twitter and how many messages were move regarding a specific washrag wealth a particular time frame.It can also be used to boost your visibility on social networks. If enough Individuals promote a washrag It will trend and attract more social network users. Ever since 2010 the most popular washrags at any producen moment have been displayed on the front page of Twitter as Trending Topics. Simply put, washrags are a great way to organize Tweets, posts and photos but it is also very beneficial way of advertising a company, show or new products.Furthermore, television networks have been quick to nonice the power of the washrag by displaying it in the bottom corner of the screen during a show or putting it in the end of a commercial. These types of washrags are called branded washrags as opposed to organic washrags which are started by fans or non professional twitter us ers. Branded washrags can, for instance, serve as a tool of creating hype around an coming(prenominal) episode of a TV show, event or film and stir up a conversation between fans. Then, the washrag Is usually the name of the program or the topic that Is discussed.It seems as if the washrag had been around forever, however Twitter joined the clan quite recently in 2013. But even though the Washrag is a fairly new trend it has already completely changed the way TV shows and Films are advertised. Only a couple of years ago, a new show or a new movie would be mainly promoted by the star of the film, by attending red carpet events or making an appearance on a popular talk show to spread the word about their newest movie. Professionally made posters and trailers could be seen on television or your local bus stop.Whilst those techniques are calm down used, the posters or the trailers would now feature a little washrag symbol in the corner. Of course, a notable actor can still promote a new movie, but generally speaking, the marketing nowadays happens on Twitter and social networks, where fans are spreading the word of a new film or TV show by using the washrag. This has opened up a way to connect Television and social media and overall, the way of advertising has become much more interactive, meaning the audience plays a mainstay type in the process.This is clearly visible in interactive shows, such as talk shows, alive(p) sport events or big gala events like the Golden globes or the Academy Awards. Here, the washrag is not only an active way of engaging the viewers but also a possibility to ask questions and get in touch with the makers or stars of the show. few shows, such as Project Runway, even give each contestant their own washrag for voting purposes. Likewise, the BBC family drama Pretty Little Liars gives a good warning of the interactive usage of washrags between fans and the cast and rioters of the show.This might be partly due to the young age of t he target audience, who are in their teens and mostly communicate with their friends via Faceable and Twitter. The series revolves around the mystery of a girls disappearance and when asked, the series creator / show runner l. Marlene King hints at future story developments establish on which the audience can attempt to solve the mystery. These are Just some of many shows that are successfully using the washrag for marketing purposes.For professionals working in marketing this means, in order to create a brand they will eve to create a campaign specific washrag in order to attract people on twitter to talk about their product, raise awareness and engage the target audience, as well as following current washrag trends in order to make their content relevant to trending topics. While the star of the show or film still plays an important determination in the promotion process, the real marketing happens through the fans and social network users.The physical advert, such as posters h as to big parts been replaced with the much more economical and at least as efficient advertisement through social networks, using washrags. This means the target audience who is spreading the word of a new show, movie or product all over the World Wide Web, became a key role in modern advertising. Therefore, the audience becomes more and more influential and even manages to reach out to big production companies and media groups. A good example for how powerful the audiences impact really is, is the NBC show Community which has been facing a constant threat of cancellation.In an attempt to skilful the show, the show runners inserted the washrag Accommodativeness at the end of the season trinity finale and started a campaign to safe the show. The fans picked up the washrag quickly and as NBC noticed the trending washrag and how much attention the show had been given, influential the users of social networks are if it comes to marketing, but also that washrags can be a inexpensive or even save marketing tool. This leads me to my next point. How much does the washrag trend and the second screen trend influences me as an independent filmmaker and writer and how can I use the trend to my advantage?As an independent filmmaker it would be hard to run a professionally organized campaign in order to promote a new project, since there is usually no budget for advertising placements on television, posters or even professionally designed campaigns. For me, social media represents a free or affordable alternative to promote my projects. The washrag is a no budget film- marketing tool that can boost my appearance on the Internet. The more creative the washrag, the more successful the self-initiated campaign can be. Many No Names on Twitter have more followers than some celebrities.This proves that social media platforms such as Twitter are a great way to market your brand, film or product. Furthermore, from a writers point of view, who would ideally like to work in t elevision, it is always useful to keep an eye on marketing trends while writing an episode. This way, the writer can already think of washables puns in the show or tastiness that could be used for washrag advertising, such as Accommodativeness in Community, or even specifically create washrags for fans to interact in the Twitter community, much like in the example of Pretty Little Liars.However, all good things aside, the washrag trend also has its downside and using a washrag campaign for promotion purposes can potentially be a risky business. While it is fairly safe to say that a successful washrag campaign has the potential to raise awareness and increase online conversations, it can certainly be hard to predict the outcome. Once the washrag is out there, the marketers have no master over it and the development that the campaign might take is completely in the hands of the social media users. Some brands had to learn this lesson the hard way.When McDonalds introduced their washr ag campaign Mysteries in 2008, the campaign quickly developed a sustenance of its own and the designed washrag was used by Twitter users to tell their negative stories about the debased food chain. My personal favorite example of how washrags can go unconventional is the Undersecretaries washrag campaign which was created to rue the death of Margaret Thatcher. Instead of reading the washrag Undersecretaries users read it as Undersecretaries and as result accidentally mourned for the wrong lady.Status updates such as R. L. P Cheer. At least now well find out about support after love. Undersecretaries amused the online community for days, but had very little to do with the actual events. In completion it can be said, that the development of the washrag trend within the sat seven years of its depression appearance on twitter, clearly demonstrates the importance of collaboration between social networks and the television and film perseverance in order to successfully market a new film or TV show.The washrag trend has completely transformed the way of advertising in the TV and media landscape and given the audience a much bigger role in the advertising process. Moreover, it gives small companies or independent artists like me an opportunity to market themselves and create an online appearance to raise awareness to their films or handled carefully. In other words, marketers motivating to think about how washrags can be in cooperated into their media campaigns without losing the control over the narrative.