The Matrix (1018 words) Essay Example For Students

The Matrix (1018 words) Essay The MatrixThe MatrixIn seeing the Matrix, a 1999 Warner Brothers/Village Roadshow Picture discharge, there are various references to theory depicted in the film. In breaking down the Matrix one will have the option to perceive how Descartes Meditations on Methodic question, his Evil Genius Hypothesis, and Platos moral story of the cavern are depicted in this film. As indicated by Descartes Meditation on methodic question he attempts to accomplish outright conviction about the idea of everything. So as to get outright conviction, Descartes should first establish a total framework of trustworthiness on which to develop his insight. The strategy that he uses to establish this framework is question. Descartes begins by taking a gander at our standard wellsprings of truth, for example, material science, stargazing, and medication. He takes a gander at these certainties and questions them feeling that these are not solid wellsprings of truth since time shows that we are for the most part in the end refuted, much similarly that science has been refuted over the courses of history. Comparable to the Matrix, the Matrix is ?all over.? As indicated by Morpheus, the pioneer of the obstruction, The Matrix is all over the place; it is surrounding us, even now in this very room. You can consider it to be you glance out your window or when you turn on your TV . You can feel it when you go to work, when you go to chapel, when you make good on your charges. The world has been pulled over your eyes to daze you from reality (Matrix Movie). Reality that Morpheus talks about is reality that everybody in Neos world, including Neo has been naturally introduced to bondage. They have been naturally introduced to a ?jail? worked for their brain. With respect to the contemplations Morpheus is disclosing to Neo that the world that he lives in is only a bogus thought and ought to be questioned. Be that as it may, mentioning to Neo what the Matrix comprises of isn't sufficient. To completely comprehend what the Matrix is Neo should pick whether he wishes to find out about the Matrix or to accept what ever he needs to accept. Descartes methodic uncertainty can likewise be seen, as he questions the faculties. He considers the for the most part acknowledged view that our faculties reliably report the total idea of the real world, yet disposes of the facul ties as a wellspring of truth in view of the fantasy contention, which expresses that there is no clear method of demonstrating that you are either dreaming or that you are wakeful. Hence it is conceivable that everything that we accept is bogus, making the faculties a temperamental source. This fantasy contention can be found in the start of the Matrix as Neo is advised to ?wake up? by his PC. Subsequent to ?waking? up, his PC discloses to him that ?the Matrix has you? he is mistaken for what is new with his PC, the PC at that point keeps on instructing him to ?follow the white bunny? what's more, the discussion is then hindered by somebody thumping at his entryway. The individual at his entryway is one of Neos customers making an arrangement with him for a PC circle in return for cash. His customer takes a gander at Neo and discloses to him that he looks ?more white? than expected. Neo despite everything mistook for what just befell his PC says to his customer have ?you at any poi nt had that feeling where youre not certain that your alert or as yet dreaming? (Lattice Movie). Neo here is mistaken for what is happening and doesn't have the foggiest idea what is reality and what is a fantasy. Another occurrence in the Matrix that shows this contention is after Neo has taken the red pill from Morpheus and is preparing to be moved out of the Matrix. While preparing to be moved out of the Matrix into this present reality, Neo contacts a wrecked glass reflect and the glass from the mirror changes to turn out to be a piece of his body. Neo inquiries what is befalling him and Morpheus tells Neo ?have you at any point had a fantasy Neo that you were so certain it was genuine. Imagine a scenario where you couldn't wake from that fantasy. How might you know the distinction from this present reality and the fantasy world(Matrix Movie) The glass is in the fantasy world and the way that the glass is changing to his body shows that the world that he thought of as this prese nt reality in fact is the fantasy world. Descartes Evil Genius Hypothesis can likewise be found in the Matrix. The theory recognizes the chance of an almighty, pernicious being that is misdirecting him about everything. This theory corresponding to the film is simply the Matrix. The Matrix is comprised of PC reenactments run by aware PCs or computerized reasoning (AI). The Matrix is the world that Neo accepts is this present reality. The AIs are running the world and are beguiling the individuals in this world by not giving them what the fact of the matter is by deluding them in everything that they do. Platos moral story of the cavern can likewise be found in the Matrix. Platos hypothesis is that we resemble detainees tied up on the floor of the cavern. However, we as a rule can't see the cavern itself, all we see are the shadows on the divider. Along these lines like the detainee in Platos purposeful anecdote that is liberated and that proceeds to glance around, that likewise obse rves the cavern and sees the fire copying which is creating the shadows inside the cavern, Neo resembles this detainee in the cavern and once liberated from the Matrix he discovers that these ?shadows? or then again the world that he thought was the truth is being created by the aware PCs. He sees since he has been controlled like a manikin through the Matrix. The Matrix is a fantastic film today that shows numerous profound bits of knowledge into the philosophical world. The Matrix alludes to a significant number of Descartes contemplations just as Platonic hints, for example, Platos Allegory of the cavern. The Matrix shows an individual how you should address everything and that there are consistently different sides to a coin. Theory .uc4f3abcf10c28fe13e87f7f3e1aee2bf , .uc4f3abcf10c28fe13e87f7f3e1aee2bf .postImageUrl , .uc4f3abcf10c28fe13e87f7f3e1aee2bf .focused content region { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .uc4f3abcf10c28fe13e87f7f3e1aee2bf , .uc4f3abcf10c28fe13e87f7f3e1aee2bf:hover , .uc4f3abcf10c28fe13e87f7f3e1aee2bf:visited , .uc4f3abcf10c28fe13e87f7f3e1aee2bf:active { border:0!important; } .uc4f3abcf10c28fe13e87f7f3e1aee2bf .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .uc4f3abcf10c28fe13e87f7f3e1aee2bf { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .uc4f3abcf10c28fe13e87f7f3e1aee2bf:active , .uc4f3abcf10c28fe13e87f7f3e1aee2bf:hover { haziness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .uc4f3abcf10c28fe13e87f7f3e1aee2bf .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relativ e; } .uc4f3abcf10c28fe13e87f7f3e1aee2bf .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-adornment: underline; } .uc4f3abcf10c28fe13e87f7f3e1aee2bf .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .uc4f3abcf10c28fe13e87f7f3e1aee2bf .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-improvement: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc4f3abcf10c28fe13e87f7f3e1aee2bf:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .uc4f3abcf10c28fe13e87f7f3e 1aee2bf .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .uc4f3abcf10c28fe13e87f7f3e1aee2bf-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .uc4f3abcf10c28fe13e87f7f3e1aee2bf:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Emotion and Language Essay We will compose a custom exposition on The Matrix (1018 words) explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now

Several Benefits Of Shopping Supermarkets â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Examine About The Several Benefits Of Shopping Supermarkets? Answer: Introducation The idea of general stores just as multipurpose stores has been in history since long. There are a few advantages of shopping at the grocery stores as they give simple advantages for the clients. The one-stop places for a wide range of things are amazingly gainful as they lessen the hour of moving starting with one shop then onto the next looking for things of necessity. In any case, the appearance of such ideas has downsides too separated from having numerous positive sides also. The disadvantages should be defeated as quick as conceivable on the grounds that, the negatives ought not dissuade the clients from shopping at these retail chains. In the event that the clients criticize the frameworks and quit going to the general stores, the complete client check will fall and the deals of the retail chains will endure. So as to guarantee this doesn't happen, the issues emerging in the grocery stores ought to be settled with prompt impact. Among the issues looked by clients at markets, the most significant and huge issue is that of the long lines and the tremendous measure of holding up time that the clients need to endure with. The issue with respect to the long lines is hazardous in light of the fact that, tremendous measure of time is devoured at the money counters, the issues looked by the clients in a surge or a rush or on their approach to work is colossal. This represents a difficult issue to the whole circumstance of the lining up at the counters and sitting tight for their individual turns. So as to settle this issue, the Oz Supermarket has been utilized. It is essentially a retail chain that has been utilized to help in the decrease of lines at the market chains. So as to accomplish the said objective, the chain has built up specific strategies which can aid the procedure of the line decrease. Just family merchandise, fixed and durable nature of products are loaded by the retail chain. The idea of PayWare Technology has been embraced which doesn't acknowledge money installments of any structure. The streetcars have uncommon perusers introduced in them which aids the programmed lining of a chose thing with the end goal of installment. On the off chance that a client alters their perspective, and holds back any thing it is additionally balanced and the sum deducted from the all out installment sum. After finishing of the shopping system, the customer is allowed to leave the store without experiencing the dreary procedure of holding up at the money counters as a long line (Leong et al., 2013). In situations where the clients don't have a PayWare card, they can undoubtedly store a specific sum incidentally as money and in return for that they would be given the store-gave impermanent PayWare card consequently permitting them to shop, and can likewise leave the store simply like the other card proprietors (Teo et al., 2015). The equalization is either returned in real money or balanced for future buys. In situations where the sum kept is deficient, an alert will ring, advising the clients about the issue experienced. The additional sums caused in labeling each thing having a RFID chip are balanced in light of a legitimate concern for the clients in significant surge (Liu, Kauffman Ma, 2015). Modifications for stopping are additionally done, with expanded costs during the pinnacle shopping hours and decreased costs when the surge is moderately less. This is essentially the business activity which is embraced by the retail affix so as to handle the lining issue (Chothia et al., 2015). Proposals: The idea of Paywave innovation has a few advantages including the simplicity of utilizing the Visa to buy items without entering in a pin or without association of marking of receipt. There is likewise security against the fake exercises, low possibility of being hacked. It is cost just as time productive. The idea of composing blunders isn't there and no entrance to data is given to the retailers too. Above all it doesn't prompt any kind of lining up or long queues before the installment counters. Certain downsides likewise exist as not many number of individuals have adjusted to this specific innovation, there may be potential outcomes of disarray or dissatisfaction among them. There are numerous clients who are not taught with respect to the utilization of this innovation. Just clients having certain highlights can profit these innovations, everybody can't. The dangers of on the web and infections are consistently there. The constraint of the exchange or the breaking point per exchange can't be resolved (Leavitt, 2012). In the spots where the PayWave has not been embraced or in situations where the individuals despite everything need time to receive to this innovation, the clients ought not be left to simply trust that the staff individuals will associate with them. In cases there are explicit purposes behind deferral, the reasons can be appropriately disclosed to the clients. In such cases the clients are less inclined to feel affronted (Bodhani, 2013). The idea of the security labeling should be maintained a strategic distance from in specific stores to keep away from the lines, the expulsion of the security labels needs a great deal of time and because of this there is a chance of the holding up time to increment. The clients can be engaged during their season of hold up at the specific counters of exit. The TVs introduced can play recordings or movies that may engage the clients and cause them to feel less baffled or worried (Lerner, 2013). In association with the innovation embraced, the Smartphone can be connected to the acquisition of the organization or every one of the retail chains can utilize their own applications to encourage the buys. The applications can be intended to contain all the points of interest of the buys and each client can make an individual record which will contain all the subtleties of the buys and the administrations. This may be gainful as any kind of questions or disarrays are missing in the portable buys. Extra Option for improving client support of Oz Supermarket Without a doubt long lines at various look at purposes of the grocery store outlets can ruin the whole shopping experience of the clients of the firm Oz Supermarket. There is now sure cutting edge innovation that retailers are utilizing in their endeavor to lessen the holding up time of clients (Fernie Sparks, 2014). The market activity can especially defeat the issue of protracted line in the checkout lines with a monstrously useful asset that is the infrared camera that is for quite some time used by military just as law authorization to screen individuals. Basically, these infrared cameras that can recognize the warmth of the body for the most part may be set at the doors or, more than likely over the sales registers of the grocery store. What's more, the infrared cameras likewise should be combined with explicit in-house application programming that can help in deciding the complete number of paths that wants to be kept open (Varley, 2014). In light of aftereffects of earlier exa minations and tests it tends to be thusly referenced that that the usage of this infrared camera can help in decrease of the hold up time to around 26 seconds. Moreover, it tends to be said that the usage of this trend setting innovation can help in executing at the front of the outlets without the strengthening work exhausts. Be that as it may, it is momentous that usage of this innovation can help in execution of the framework at the front of the store without the beneficial work consumes (Yu et al., 2014). Subsequently, the administration of the firm can improve the whole framework that can contain improved programming structured by the IT division of the partnership. This thus can help with foreseeing for every outlet the time required for the clients spend on showcasing established on day just as time. Once more, this framework can help in deciding the all out number of paths that want to be stayed open in brief builds (Magrath McCormick, 2013). Likewise, this present framework can likewise help in introducing appropriately and showing explicit data on various screens over the specific paths so as to guarantee that the managers can uti lize clerks at that place as needs be (Baker, 2014). Usage of this as good as ever innovation at the Oz Supermarket can help during the time spent the taking care of the traffic of the clients. Traffic counters can be utilized for building up a determining model of client appearances, exit and holding up time. The camera can thus help in assessing the hour of appearance from the register; fabricate a tolerable model that can help in checking the timeframe of the shopping trips. Furthermore, this may likewise help the administration in choose the necessity of the staff dependent on the data gave by this innovation (Pantano, 2014). Recommendations for development of business administration/contributions As properly referenced by Petkovi? Bogeti? (2014), basic business information gives retailers various prospects to perusing, testing and improving retail tasks that can be acquired from the input of the clients. This thusly can drive the top line development in income of the firm. The input from the clients can help the administration of the retailer to improve the selling works out, alter distinctive limited time methods of showcasing just as refine the whole marketing plans of the organization. Likewise, the criticism from the clients can likewise help in understanding the impact of the framework that is as of now set up on the shopping experience, for example, the PayWave Technology, RFID chip, shopping rundown stations and store vehicle leaves. Basically, client information conveys an extra degree of understanding required for the senior supervisors of Oz Supermarket to show up at progressively educated choices in regards to business. This thus can help during the time spent the conveying a progressively customized administration. Subsequently, it very well may be therefore referenced that the securing of criticism from clients can help

Expeditionary Learning Literary Analysis Essay Samples

Expeditionary Learning Literary Analysis Essay SamplesExpeditionary learning literary analysis essay samples. I'm sure you've all read some of these, but if you don't then you need to re-read this article and examine how they are written. You have to question where they got their information from. They're all written by individuals who will no doubt talk about their experiences but if you pay close attention to what they are saying you will find that they are talking to themselves.There is no value in reading these and evaluating it based on what you were told to do by someone else. Most likely they did not learn anything from the experience and even if they did it was all hearsay. It doesn't matter. If you learn what you want from a person, you can do that without the person knowing what you are doing. They are the ones saying; 'this happened'.The only way to get information from someone is to observe them so that you can remember it later on. This is how we remember. In this instan ce it's all hearsay so if you want to learn something from an experience you are going to have to come up with your own information and write your own analysis essay.One of the problems that many people have with literary analysis essay samples is that they don't seem to be helping them to achieve the goals that they set for themselves. For example, I want to learn how to go online and write an essay on my own. Many of these samples will tell me that I should get a big ego because I need to be involved in all of this.This is not a writer's eye view of writing. It is simply hearsay. It doesn't mean that this individual didn't have an experience but if they're going to say this on the sample it is best to take their word for it.There are some great resources out there for learning how to do it online and I highly recommend taking an opportunity to go to the websites of some of the organizations that have organization training programs. These are terrific and offer many different resou rces. If you are thinking about becoming involved in one of these then make sure that you fully understand what it is that you are getting involved in. This is an area where things can go wrong because you want to make sure that you can do this successfully.You will want to try to do as much as you can to stay current with technology and software. Many of these people who are assigned to write essays will want to write one online. Do they really need to know how to do this? The students will have access to the material and many of them will have no idea that they are learning. If you have gone online and studied online for awhile you will know what you want to achieve so that you don't have to take it from others.Expeditionary learning literary analysis essay samples are great to use but don't forget that you need to be knowledgeable to write on your own and be able to get your work published. When you want to get more information about how to do this and get the most out of these s amples you should check out some of the resources available today.

Strengths and Weaknesses of Apple Company Free Essay Example, 1500 words

Any company s strengths are its capabilities and resources that a company can use to develop a competitive advantage. It can be a good reputation, any cost advantage in any form, brand name, accessibility to the distribution network, product or service exclusive features. Apple is a highly flourishing company. In its second quarter, the sale of its iPod Music player has increased enormously up to $320. This has not only increased the sale of iPod but also of Macintosh computers. So Shuffle iPod gives the company a boost which enables its sales team to sell its other products as well. Sales of iPod Shuffle in the US are very high and represented a massive part of the revenue to the company (Menzies, D. 2004). Apple brand is one of the most well-known and vigorous IT brands in the whole global market. The customers of Apple are very faithful and devoted to the brand. It means a company which owes loyal customers has no need to spend much on the advertisement. It not only attracts new customers but also retain the old clientele who come again and again to purchase a new line of Apple products. We will write a custom essay sample on Strengths and Weaknesses of Apple Company or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The absence of all those above mention strengths in a firm is its weaknesses. It could be a bad reputation among customers, high production costs structure, for example, lack of access to supplying network, lack of access to the best natural resources, etc. In some cases, it is totally opposite to strengths like in a case where a company has a high production capacity. In normal circumstances, it is a strength, but it can be a weakness if a company has done huge investment to raise the capacity and cannot change the product strategy in this situation (Barney, Jay. (2002). As per reports, the screen of iPod shuffle has been found little bit defective. Furthermore, the batteries are also found faulty. The company in return offers its valuable customers replacement of faulty screen and batteries free of cost. Furthermore, Apple Company is facing immense pressure from the music industry to increase its price of music download file. Many of such companie s make huge profits from such downloads instead of sales of their original and authentic CDs.

Rhetorical Analysis of The Talking Heads’ “Once in a...

Rhetorical Analysis of The Talking Heads’ â€Å"Once in a Lifetime† Kenneth Burke’s Five Master Terms exist to bring to light the motivation behind, theoretically, any bit of text to which we care to apply them. The beauty of this Pentad is its fundamentality in regards to the motivations humans have in creating words and meaning using the tools of language available. This doesn’t just apply to long-winded theses regarding the nature of dramatistic meaning, though perhaps something like that would be more up Burke’s alley. No, in this case I plan to utilize his methods for a more seemingly mundane example, the motivations behind something as simple as song lyrics. I say song lyrics are simple, but in this case I am going†¦show more content†¦Burke says that one of his five terms will often rise to the surface and become a dominant force over the others in any interpretation of a text. While this could be true with â€Å"Once in a Lifetime,† I want to begin by addressing a term that is conspicuous in its apparent absence. Of all the terms, Act has the most ambiguous role in this composition, and I believe because of this that it is the most important. The song describes a theoretical situation in which a person, only ever described as the second-person â€Å"You,† is suddenly and inexplicably found in a completely ordinary situation that is nonetheless alien to him (or her). The â€Å"You† in question – quite arguably the Agent, but more on this later – is always â€Å"finding† himself in a situation, â€Å"asking† himself what is happening, and eventually â€Å"telling† himself t hat the situation is somehow wrong. Each verse expands upon this theme of finding, asking, and telling to determine a situation, but these are the only Acts committed by the Agent. â€Å"And you may ask yourself/How do I work this?† Byrne sings, but his fictional persona never finds out how to work it. â€Å"Where does that highway go to?† he asks, yet he never travels down the highway to find out. The identity in question can be seen as constantly standing in questioning thought before the situation without ever aggressively Acting. Burke discusses the scholastic view of Act, which is a ratio he expresses as thus: â€Å"essence is to existenceShow MoreRelated «Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland »7735 Words   |  31 PagesTo provide the theoretical background for dealing with Lexical Devices, Syntactical Stylistic Devices, Lexico-Syntactical Stylistic Devices and Graphical Expressive means. †¢ To make a stylistic analysis of the novel, defining expressive means which were used by the author and providing the analysis with the examples from the text of the novel. The practical value of the paper consists in analyzing the novel from the point of view of lexicology and stylistics. 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The Legacy Of John F. Kennedy - 1480 Words

Republicans absolutely loved Nixon for his tough stance on communism and his position as vice president had given him prominence and experience where communism was concerned.. Democrats, meanwhile, nominated the relatively unknown John F. Kennedy, a young but accomplished senator from Massachusetts who had served with distinction in World War II and had won a Pulitzer Prize for his 1956 book Profiles in Courage .At only forty-three years old, Kennedy exuded a youthful confidence that contrasted sharply with Nixon’s serious demeanor—a contrast that was plainly evident in the first-ever live televised presidential debates in 1960. Tens of millions of Americans tuned in to watch the two candidates discuss the issues. Although radio listeners†¦show more content†¦Americans to put a man on the moon by the end of the decade. His enthusiasm spread across the country. Kennedy’s first foreign policy crisis surfaced just months after he took office, when Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev threatened to sign a treaty with East Germany that would cut off the city of Berlin from the United States and Western Europe. Although the Soviet Union never signed any such treaty, it did construct a massive wall of concrete and barbed wire around West Berlin in 1961 to prevent East Germans from escaping to freedom in the Western-controlled part of the city. Over the years, guard towers were installed, and the â€Å"no-man’s-land† between the inner and outer walls was mined and booby-trapped, making it incredibly difficult for East Germans to escape to West Berlin without being killed or captured. Kennedy, hoping never to have to decide between nuclear war and political embarrassment again, devised a new strategy of â€Å"flexible response† to deal with the USSR. Crafted with the aid of foreign policy veteran Defense Secretary Robert S. McNamara, the flexible response doctrine was meant to allow the president to combat Soviet advances around the world through a variety of means. In other words, Kennedy could send money or troops to fight Communist insurgents, authorize the CIA to topple an unfriendly government, or, as a last resort, use nuclear weapons. Hoping to topple Cuba’s Communist-leaning leader, Fidel Castro, Kennedy authorized the

Marcus Garvey Essay Example For Students

Marcus Garvey Essay I believe one of the most influential African Americans of all time is Marcus Garvey. Marcus Garvey achieved accomplishments in not just one, but many areas. His accomplishments ranged from a worldwide Black political organization, The Untied Negro Improvement Association, to the first, and to this day the largest Black-owned multinational businesses, the Black Star Lines. Marcus was criticized by many of his fellow African American leaders because many of his projects failed. In despite of that, Marcus Garvey talent to attract followers towards his beliefs is inspiring. Marcus Mosiah Garvey was born into a poor family on August 17, 1887 at St. Anns Bay, Jamaica. Marcus was born the youngest of 11 children. His father was a stonemason who supposedly descended from the maroons. Maroons are African American slaves who defended their freedom from British and Spanish invaders. Garvey had to itemize his pride in the unmixed African heritage of his parents. Marcus grew up and received litt le education in Jamaica, so he was largely self-taught. At age 14 Marcus had to find work in a print shop to help out his family. Marcus began to doubt the value of trade union after he was involved the first printers strike of 1907. Marcus Garvey began to complain about the mistreatment of African workers to British authorities and was appalled by the little response and that left him very skeptical about any hope for justice from the white people (Rogoff 72). In 1912 Marcus Garvey studies abroad in London. He began writing African publications and became an avid supporter of African independence. I believe the turning point in Marcus Garveys fight for African freedom and equality came after he read Booker T. Washingtons book, Up From Slavery. Garvey responded warmly to its thesis of black self help (Kranz, Koslow 86). With that notion in mind Marcus Garvey returned to Jamaica in 1914 ready to make a difference. Marcus was not noticed for just one accomplishment is his lifetime, but many on them. When Marcus returned to Jamaica he got re-acquainted with a group of friends and founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), which sought, among other things, to work on black emigration to Africa. It also promoted racial pride, education, and black business activity. In Jamaica Garvey didnt attract the kind of following that he hope for so he moved his tactics to the United States in 1916. By 1919 the UNIA reached its peek with about 2,000,000 members and hundreds of branches worldwide. Marcus also founded the Negro Factories Corporation (NFC) which its purpose was to promote black economic independence by providing money and labor to black business owners. It also helped to build factories in the United States, Africa, Central America, and the West Indies. He also founded the first and, to this day, the largest black-owned multinational businesses, the Black Star Line (BSL), which focused on purchasing boats and serving an international shipping triangle that would return black people to their homeland of Africa. The shipping triangle revolved around the United States, West Indies, and Africa. Marcus Garvey not only founded companies or groups, but he also founded the Negro World in 1918, which was the leading black weekly and soon had 50,000 readers in the United States, Latin America, the West Indies, and Africa. Due to its content of black equality and freedom, the British and the French banned it from their African colonies. Even leaders who did not agree with Garveys ideas appreciated his efforts to build black pride and political independence (Kranz, Koslow 86). .u6fe33f4c8fab4e8d8551095c6840d127 , .u6fe33f4c8fab4e8d8551095c6840d127 .postImageUrl , .u6fe33f4c8fab4e8d8551095c6840d127 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6fe33f4c8fab4e8d8551095c6840d127 , .u6fe33f4c8fab4e8d8551095c6840d127:hover , .u6fe33f4c8fab4e8d8551095c6840d127:visited , .u6fe33f4c8fab4e8d8551095c6840d127:active { border:0!important; } .u6fe33f4c8fab4e8d8551095c6840d127 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6fe33f4c8fab4e8d8551095c6840d127 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6fe33f4c8fab4e8d8551095c6840d127:active , .u6fe33f4c8fab4e8d8551095c6840d127:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6fe33f4c8fab4e8d8551095c6840d127 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6fe33f4c8fab4e8d8551095c6840d127 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6fe33f4c8fab4e8d8551095c6840d127 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6fe33f4c8fab4e8d8551095c6840d127 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6fe33f4c8fab4e8d8551095c6840d127:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6fe33f4c8fab4e8d8551095c6840d127 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6fe33f4c8fab4e8d8551095c6840d127 .u6fe33f4c8fab4e8d8551095c6840d127-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6fe33f4c8fab4e8d8551095c6840d127:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Republican Party EssayAll of Marcus Garveys accomplishments and failures had an effect on society. When it comes to the UNIA Marcus Garvey left an impact on society, which was felt immediately, and it is still felt today. By 1920, Garveys followers were in the thousands and the UNIA had become a major organization. Also in 1920 was the first convention for the UNIA. Several thousand representatives from the United states and all over the world elected Marcus Garvey as the president of the Republic of Africa. Historians later noted the impossibility of a West Indian being elected in the United States and the president of Africa (Kranz, Koslow 87). This

Explain how you think Act 3 affects the audience(TM)s feelings about Othello Essay Example

Explain how you think Act 3 affects the audience(TM)s feelings about Othello Essay Act III is a highly significant scene among all of those in the play of Othello. Act III moves the play along and heightens the intensity, drama and tension between the characters. The plot of the play pans out as the act provides the audience with a skeleton of the time frame in the play; and hence a great sense of urgency. In my own opinion, I feel that the later two scenes (scene three and four) are the most capable of tracking the audiences feelings about Othello. Scene three is one of the longest scenes, consisting of 480 lines and entrances and exits. Shakespeare has to keep up the relentless pace to remove opportunity for questions to creep into Othellos mind. Othello can be seen as a victim of Iago in this scene, and evidently it is widely referred to as the temptation scene. The scenes previous to this are almost engulfed with conversation in which Iago manipulates Othello and aggravates him by speaking of something which only Iago knows. Othellos short fuse almost reaches its end in scene three as he is driven to madness with curiosity; he exclaims I prythee, speak to me as to thy thinkings. Critics have commented on the similarities between this scene and the biblical scene with Eves original sin in the Garden of Eden. Eve is driven by curiosity and temptation, leading her into eating the sinful apple. Likewise Othello cannot bear to knowt a little. Iago is able to manipulate many characters so skilfully that they seem to be acting simultaneously of their own freewill. For example, it only takes the slightest prompting on Iagos part to put Othello into the proper frame of mind to be consumed by jealously. This theme immerses most of the play; consequently resulting in its tragic nature. Iago is the antagonist and he relishes in the pain he causes. In Act three, scene three he quotes: Dangerous conceits are in their natures poisions Which at the first are scarce found to distaste But with a little act upon the blood Burn like the mines of sulphur. Furthermore, much of the action in act three works coincidently in Iagos favour and contributing to Othellos anger. A very good example of this is, in scene three Othello says: I swear tis better to be much abusd than but to knowt a little. We will write a custom essay sample on Explain how you think Act 3 affects the audience(TM)s feelings about Othello specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Explain how you think Act 3 affects the audience(TM)s feelings about Othello specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Explain how you think Act 3 affects the audience(TM)s feelings about Othello specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer And Iago is fortunate to find himself alone with Othello at this key moment; which may be attributed to Desdemona having gone too far in her insistent demands on Cassios behalf. She is of course, unaware of the impression that this is further imprinting on Othellos mind, due to the seed planted by Iago (of Desdemona and Cassios connection). Anyhow, Desdemona aids Iagos case by being excessive and therefore arousing suspicion. In addition, Iago is canny and does not poison Othellos mind with utter lies but he simply twists reality and the harmless actions of the other characters; in order to anger Othello. Othello becomes Iagos sufferer as Iago exploits Cassios discomfort upon seeing Othello by interpreting it as a sign of guilt. Following this Iago quotes I lay with Cassio lately I heard him say, Sweet Desdemona, let us be wary, let us hide our loves Consequently here he is able to weaken links between Othello and loyal Cassio. Othello can very much, become moulded into the victim of Iago as his strong and sovereign nature is destroyed. This affects the audience very much so as it is a given that we would feel compassion for the tragic hero, Othello. Act III allows the audience to see the harsh affects that Iago has had on Othellos previously amiable personality. There is great irony in that it is Othello, himself, who paves the way for assault from Iago as he explains that without Desdemonas love Chaos is come again. This is the first time Othello has admitted to a vulnerability or dependency, and this rising fear allows Iago to prey upon his dread of loss that which has previously given his life light and direction. This suspicion is taken a great step further when Iago reveals his handkerchief ploy: such a handkerchief I am sure it was your wifes- did I today see Cassio wipe his beard with. Thus, Iago victimises Othello, by wearing down his self-sufficiency and using Desdemonas kind nature and regard for others (Cassio) to work against her; and thus lead Othello further into doubt. I feel that Othello is a direct product of Iagos scheming in Act three, causing the audience to feel sympathetic in one way, towards Othello, and also frustrated and exasperated at how he is so easily mislead. In my opinion, it cannot be denied that Othello is a victim of Iago as Othello himself even touches on this idea. The audience understand how Othello is tortured by jealousy as he uses images that recall Iagos words: If there not be cords or knives, Poison or fire, or suffocating streams, Ill not endure it. Would I were satisfied. Iago acts as the malcontent in the play and so inflicting torture and suffering on the other characters, in particular our protagonist. Following on from Iagos mistreatment of Othello and almost definitely as a consequence of it; Othellos love turns to loathing. It is an interesting, complex and catastrophic turn of events as Othellos love and consideration for his wife turns into distasteful hatred. It is not completely unexpected as Othello shows worrying signs of overwhelming love for Desdemona. For example, long before Act three Othello appears to be fixated on his wife, when he first greets her in Cyprus he declares that he is almost too happy: If it were now to die, Twere now to be most happy; for, I fear, My soul hath her content so absolute That not another comfort like this Succeeds in unknown fate. Therefore it is evident that even without Iagos infliction, Othello is so dangerously in love with Desdemona; he cannot control his powerful and romantic feelings. As a soldier one of the attributes that Othello prides himself on, decisiveness, fails him as a husband as he longs to seek ocular proof of Desdemonas unfaithfulness; and when presented with this by Iago his latest opinion of her is unyielding. It is difficult to determine how an audiences feelings towards Othello might change due to his display of loathing towards his loving wife. As their feelings will differ depending on who they feel is to blame for this. Many believe that Iago is entirely to blame for such a quick and decided shift in Othellos emotions, and some believe that Iago plays but a small role. In 1904 a critic known as A. C. Bradley quoted His (Iagos) thwarted sense of superiority wants satisfaction and He is the spirit of denial of all romantic values. Thus contributing to the belief that Iagos manipulation and twisted influence deeply warps our tragic heros romantic thoughts and feelings. Iago holds such an undeniably strong presence in Othellos life. He is the antagonist and leaves Othello confused and with no reason not to believe him. There is a great deal of evidence in the play to suggest that the noble protagonist is pushed towards emotional turmoil and contorted thoughts by ruthless Iago. Iago quotes that cuckold lives in bliss and if it be hers (the handkerchief that he claims that Cassio had) or any that was hers; It speaks against her with the other proofs. However it is plausible that an audience might be reduced to disliking Othello due to his change from love to loathing. It is possible that Othello is entirely to blame for his deteriorating state of mind and his new-found inclination for hatred. In 1930, G. Wilson Knight supported this opinion, by quoting Othello is infatuated by emotion, for its own sake, he luxuriates in it . Throughout the play Othello forecasts his success in love on his success as a soldier, wooing Desdemona with tales of his military travels and battles. Once the Turks are drowned he is left with nothing to do. No longer having a means of proving his manhood or honour in a public setting such as the court or the battlefield; Othello desperately clings to the security of his former identity as a soldier while his current identity as a lover crumbles. Othello begins to confuse the one with the other. His expression of his jealousy quickly deteriorates from Farewell the tranquil mind to Farewell the plumd troops and the big wars Pride, pomp, and circumstance of glorious war! . Anyhow it is definitely very probable that the audiences compassion and hopes for Othello as the tragic hero begin to fade as his nature turns from amiable to hateful. Regarding the mixed and broken language used by Othello in this Act, an audience could immediately comment on his poor state of mind. A confident, noble man at the beginning of the play, Othello changes from Act three onwards; as he is manipulated by Iago into believing Desdemonas infidelity. This transforms Othellos nature and language into barbaric and somewhat hell-like . Upon reflection of the beginning half of the play, Othellos language presents a very different man. Let us remember the beginning of the play, where Othello portrays himself as a virtuous man possessing a composed nature. This is evident through his speech in Act I Scene III to the Duke of Venice regarding Brabantios accusations of witchcraft toward him. Othello uses poetic and wise language which connotes his rational manner. Although stating Rude am I in my speech Othello presents his humble nature when compared to Brabantio. Othello offers judicious and romanticised language during his speech, describing his how he came to marry Desdemona as a unvarnished tale deliver of my whole course of love. This is a direct contrast to the Othello we are met with in Act three. In Act III, the transformation of Othellos personality and also his language is obvious. Othello is no longer confident with his marriage as his language changes from heavenly imagery to hawking imagery. Othello now speaks of his wife as a haggard the image of an ignorant hawk to signify his suspicions of her infidelity. It is evident that he now does not think highly and vows to whistle her off if she does happen to stray away from him. It is evident that Othello becomes insecure within himself and unstable in his marriage, and his language reflects this. He comments on her hot and moist hand; a belief at the time, was that this inferred a lustful nature. He also says she is of a liberal heart indicating her immorality. He betrays every trust in her as he speaks of her in crude and ill language. Heres a young and sweating devil here, who constantly rebels says he. And also, it is evident that he has no more respect for his wife as he brands her a whore and cries Death and damnation! as Iago suggests Desdemona and Cassio sleeping together. Finally, as Othello becomes more confident of his wifes unfaithfulness, his language reflects his fury toward her as he vows revenge on her. In using hell imagery he compares his recent hatred for Desdemona with the venom of aspics tongues which show his negativity toward her and also through his desire to tear her all to pieces! His language mirrors how disturbed he is, turning the audience against him, as he is unmovable in his opinion of Desdemona and he vows revenge against her. It is most significant that his language begins to reflect that of Iago as he no longer speaks poeticallty, of his love and of his glorious career as a soldier in the same vein. Instead he seems to have picked up on Iagos harsh and crude language. Othello soon refers to his wife as whore and then lewd minx in Act III scene three. He speaks graphically and sexually, which is often associated with Iagos linguistic; Othello asks Were they as prime as goats and hot as monkeys.. He again talks speaks crudely of Desdemona as he quotes I had been happy if the general camp, Pioneers and all, had tasted her sweet body.. As an audience we do not expect to witness such derogatory and filthy language from Othello, our tragic hero. It is also important to remember that an Elizabethean audience would have been disgusted and would have linked this change in Othello as him shedding his true colours as a black person. Lastly, Othellos plans for Desdemona and Cassio leave the audience feeling disappointed and aghast at the sinister capability of the supposed hero in the play. Up until this point in the play, Othellos character and make-up had shown classic signs of the misunderstood, isolated character whom everyone had initially interpreted wrongly. As an audience we are disappointed to witness Othello speaking so maliciously about the woman he previously proclaimed to have loved. Othello now cannot be forgiven or excused as simply being a product of Iagos plans; as he makes his own devious and calamitous plans. He calculates like a real assassin, Within these three days let me hear thee say That Cassiod not alive and he decidedly quotes I will withdraw to furnish me with some swift means of death for the fair devil. This is a turning point for the audiences every respect and high esteem of Othello. In conclusion, I feel that Act III would have left the audience with a new depiction of Othello. Throughout this Act Othello is no longer the noble, courageous and decent man that we know him as. He presents a more cowardly man, who is easily manipulated by Iago and is easily reduced to very low levels. Othello is definitely less likeable following Act III as he becomes accustomed to derogatory language, he is consumed by jealousy and revenge; and thus he is transformed from a benign and compassionate soldier and husband to a rancorous, erratic assassin. Consequently by the end of Act III, Othello would have conformed to the stereo-type Moor of the time; proving the Elizabethan audience correct in their probable initial impressions of the black soldier. Nonetheless, there is however the possibility that Act three would have left Shakespeares audience feeling ever so slightly sympathetic towards the protagonist. Since, an Elizabethan audience would have understood the weight Othello attaches to his reputation, pride and therefore anger at Desdemona. In Shakespeares day a mans honour was extremely important and his wifes chastity was an integral part of it.

How To Make A Content Development Process To Save Time

How To Make A Content Development Process To Save Time Ive been a big fan of trying all sorts of beer ever since I took a trip to Germany for seven months back in 2008. To me, that stuff was going to be the best Id ever taste with the classic pilsners, bocks, and wheat beers. And when I got back to Minnesota, I tried some of the well domestics. Those macrobreweries definitely had their processes down to produce massive quantities of light-bodied stuff. But when I started exploring craft beer- the idea that smaller breweries could produce what I considered to be better quality than most commercial brands- it really got me thinking. Just because big companies are competing with you in your niche, it doesnt mean they are necessarily better at it than you are. Just because big companies compete with you, theyre not better than the quality you produce.And you can apply that idea to your content marketing. Here is how to improve your content development process to take control of your workflow to create content quickly, hit  every deadline, and improve every piece of content you publish to grow your audience. And you can do it all with a scrappy, iterative process that helps startups and small businesses like microbreweries achieve some pretty tasty results. (See what I did there?) How To Rock A Content Development Process That Will Save You Tons Of Time #marketing Get the Templates You Need to Save Time Developing Content Apply the advice in this post with this trio of templates: Content Development Process Guide to build your process, step by step. Blog Post Outline Template to write better blog posts more easily. Content Editing Checklist to self-edit your own work with fewer mistakes. Define The Roles You Need To Develop  Content In Kristi Hines' post on content marketing team structure, she mentions a variety of roles you could include in your content development: Content marketing strategists set the stage with the entire marketing strategy, helping your team understand your audience, the topics you'll cover, and the goals you're shooting for. Content strategists turn the strategy into a game plan complete with understanding what content and channels your team will  use to reach your audience. These people  fill up your editorial calendar with the content your team will develop. Idea contributors are exactly what you'd expect: These are the folks who are listening to your audience and help with unique angles. They have the stories you want to tell, and the ones your audience really cares about. These people could be anyone within your company or even your customers and subscribers. Content creators are the linchpins  responsible for executing your  content strategist's game plan. They are your designers, writers, videographers, and podcasters (among possible others). They are making your content. Content editors make sure your creators fulfill  your content strategist's expectations. They focus on editing for the story of your content, and also on the nitty-gritty grammar stuff. Editors are the ones using your editorial calendar every day, keeping your creators on task, and publishing content as you expect. Content promoters are the magical creatures who amplify what you created to inspire interest in your content. If your content is the party, these folks send the invitations to attend. They use social media, email, forums, and tons of other content promotion tactics to increase your traffic. Community managers monitor the ensuing conversation your content creates. They respond to social media mentions and comments, and help build a strong network of brand advocates. Content analysts check out the stats behind the scenes to know how your content contributes to your goals. They'll check out Google Analytics and Kissmetrics (or whatever analytics tools you use) to help your content strategist plan even better content. This is where that iterative approach- the secret ingredient to your content development process- really comes into play. Now, that may seem like a lot of people. But what you're really looking at here is roles, not titles. These roles make for a very solid content development process, so now you can choose which roles are necessary for your own process and who among your team will fill these roles. A solo marketer could do all of these, or you could divvy them up among your team. Jay Acunzo  recently published a super entertaining post about marketing team structure and how it kind of... well... sucks sometimes. Here's a memorable quote: ...team be huge, team be slow, team is gonna totally blow. As a former Googler, he mentions how Google's sales team is organized into pods to capture the talents of folks  with tons of different skill sets.  And I loved this thought to find the right people for your team  to kick off your content development process in the right direction. Jay says teams should be: Small to be nimble, quick, and focus on developing content  instead wasting time on  office bureaucracy. Complementary to have multiple skills for the different parts of the process. Singular to have one clear goal instead of tons.  Finally get some focus to understand why you're developing content  to collaborate and celebrate when you reach your goal! Shared to work together toward a common mission or purpose. In the end, Jay recommends narrowing the list of roles down to three players, as he calls them: A strategist to provide the vision, lead the team, look at analytics, and plan the content. A producer to be "the artist, because God knows, SOMEONE has to care about quality, craft, creativity, and emotional or intellectual resonance with the audience." I had to include that quote. :) A marketer to promote the content, generate interest, and convert traffic into subscribers and customers. I'm with Jay: We do a lot with a small team  leading our content marketing efforts at right now, and Jay's suggestions  are similar to the roles  we have on our  team.  It helps us move super fast to publish quickly, on time, and consistently. Takeaways: Download the worksheet and choose who among your team will fill each role. Cross off the roles you won't have in your content development process. Meet with your team and their supervisors to help everyone understand their roles and responsibilities, and how you will  improve your processes with this new approach. A Quick Note on Upper Management Getting All Up in Your Business The goal of figuring out â€Å"who does what† specifically curtails upper management from messing with your projects and deadlines. By agreeing as a group of doers and getting your  supervisors all on the same page, y’all agree to give the power to publish  to your strategists. Seth Godin writes about this concept a lot  in his awesome book, Linch Pin  (which you should seriously buy right now if you've never read it): Write down the due date. This is the date you will publish- whether the content's  done or not. Capture every idea about your project, inviting anyone who wants to contribute. Seth says, "This is their big chance." Record every idea in a way everyone can see, ask them to check it out, and let them know this is it- after you get approval, there's no going back. Organize everything into a comprehensive outline of the project now that it's completely approved. This is your project blueprint from start to finish. Take that blueprint to the big guns in your company and final approval from the people with sign-off control. Then ask them, "If I deliver what you approved, on budget and on time, will you ship it?" Don't move forward until they say yes. No maybes, no "I'll know when I see it", nothing other than your yes. Nice job, linchpin. Choose Task-Based Workflows Over Status-Based Workflows Now that you know who on your team will serve in specific roles to help you create your content- and how you'll publish quickly while avoiding office bureaucracy- it's time to develop your workflows. Essentially, you want to meet with your team you just defined to understand how you'll work together to create consistent content that will always hit your deadlines. This is the actual planning of your content development process- understanding exactly how you’ll do this with the resources available to you. Since we’re talking through the experience of an agile startup, keep it simple to error on the side of shipping rather than too many steps that slow down your publishing. Err on the side of publishing  rather than processes that slow you down. #contentmarketingStatus-based workflows make it nearly impossible to understand every task that you and your team need to check off your to-do list before you publish your content. Just think of the typical statuses you see in WordPress: How will you know who is responsible for each status, and what exactly they’re supposed to be working on? Who has the final say before you schedule your content to publish? Nah, there has to be a better way. And there is. Task-based workflows help you dissect all the work that goes into creating a piece of content- whatever it is (blog posts, e-books, webinars, you name it)- to help you choose a specific person accountable for each task, along with deadlines for every task. By dissecting your content into tasks, you can provide a ton of direction to your team to avoid any confusion about who’s doing what and when they need to have their work done. Here’s what a simple task-based workflow looks like any blog post we publish at : When you look at this, it’s helpful in a ton of  different ways: Begin every task with a verb that demands action. Make your tasks super clear by highlighting exactly what the task entails, while also being brief. Assign each task to a specific person who clearly knows they are responsible for helping you create some part of your content. Send  a notification that specifically communicates with each member of your team when you assign them a new task. Set clear deadlines for when you expect each task to be complete. Understand the difference between deadlines and your publish dates. Help your team understand the date on your marketing calendar is the publish date for when your content will be 100% complete, while assigning tasks with deadlines for days or even weeks before the content is set to publish. Remind your team before their tasks are due. Unless you’re that chick from Ex Machina, your team is full of humans. Subtle reminders of task due dates help  those busybodies know when their tasks are due so they don’t forget and accidentally cause your project to miss its deadline. Task-based workflows are especially helpful so you can have multiple team members working on different tasks at the same time, which is slightly lost with status-based workflows. Those steps above are exactly how we do it at , too, and it really works for us. Communicate Efficiently With An Agreed-Upon Tool The five  parts of  your task-based workflow may sound like a lot of manual work. But it really depends on the tools you use as a team to manage your content development process. When Raven Tools wanted to improve their process to eliminate endless emails, they focused on implementing one clear source for communication. Spoiler alert: That source- as a marketing project management tool- is . Task manager: Define as many workflows as you need for the different types of content you use in your marketing strategy. You can then easily assign those tasks out to your entire team with clear deadlines super fast. Comments: Raven Tools was able to send 75% fewer emails  because of . Comments keep your project record right in the tool you’re using for your content development process, which helps you work even more efficiently. Notifications and reminders: When you assign tasks or leave comments, your marketing calendar pushes an email notification to remind your team to check on the project. The day before any task is due, your calendar automatically sends an email to remind your team members to knock out their tasks. Dashboard: It’s rare that you’ll only work on one project at a time. So it’s nice to see a dashboard of all the comments and tasks that are due on specific days to keep a to-do list of your projects right in your marketing calendar. When you use one tool for communication, you avoid endless emails, maintain a calendar of record, and generally quit herding cats. While using as your marketing calendar  is a great way to manage your content development process, you can rock this advice with any project management tool: Agree as a team to communicate with tools that help everyone stay involved and see your progress. Avoid long email forwards to prevent missing copying someone and eliminate confusion overall. Because, seriously, those get crazy. Maintain one version of the truth for your marketing projects. Consolidate your project management tools and content calendars to better understand your deadlines, manage multiple projects at once, and easily see your progress toward completion. Manage Multiple Projects At Once While Nailing Every Deadline You experience  a learning curve every time you take on a new project. For example, if you’re adding blogging to your list of marketing tactics, you have an entirely new process to learn as you get started. So take your time. When you start any new project, quantity isn’t the goal. Consistency isn’t important if what you’re publishing is junk. Here's how we do it at : Do one thing well. Actually,  as we like  to joke, "Don't half-ass two things. Whole-ass one thing." It's silly, but there's a lot of truth to that. Set your deadlines like Seth Godin suggested earlier, ship on time, then reflect on what worked, what you could do better next time, and what you should stop doing. Once you have your process  ironed out for that one thing, add in another project. And do it slowly, just like you perfected your first project. Plan time to reflect on your growing pains as you add more projects to your to-do list, reviewing again what's going well, what you could improve, and what you should quit doing. So start slow and build your publishing momentum as you learn something new, building toward publishing more content consistently. At first, you’re perfecting your content and workflow process to build the expertise you need to publish even more. Recommended Reading: How to Learn New Marketing Skills in 11 Simple Steps (Backed By Science) Organize Your Content Development And  Naming Conventions While everyone on your team could create content differently, it’s much more efficient to have one version of the truth for the tools you use in your content development process. You might be a bit surprised that a huge majority of the team at doesn’t even have Microsoft Word on our computers, so we opt for Evernote instead. Here are a few reasons why Evernote is awesome for blogging and marketing: You can use Evernote for anything. We use different notebooks for marketing strategy, managing larger projects like new feature releases, and actually creating our content. It’s so dynamic that we use one tool for so many use cases that we decided to integrate Evernote right into to help other marketers like us plan and create content better than ever. You can capture your content ideas and inspiration wherever you are. Use Web Clipper and Evernote Helper to save ideas from the content you’re perusing on the Web, rock Skitch to take screenshots and mark them up with text and arrows, email your thoughts directly into notes and notebooks with the syntax "Note Name @Notebook Name #Tag Name !YYYY/MM/DD", scan handwritten notes right into Evernote notes, send pictures from your phone into Evernote, and even highlight text in Kindle and see the quotes you highlighted right in Evernote. Whew! Evernote is perfect for distraction-free writing to help you write blog posts faster than ever. I’m writing this post in Evernote right now with instant messaging and emails turned off, social media shut down, and really no apps to distract me from getting these ideas out of my head. I love to open up the posts I’ll reference in tons of tabs before I start writing to have inspiration at my fingertips, and then I'll turn off the Internet to avoid  getting sidetracked with anything else other than writing. Evernote is helping me do just that. Oh yeah, and I’m on an airplane- so I can use Evernote  anywhere, online or off. Takeaways: Narrow your content development tools down to a few your entire team has access to. Choose the tools that match well with your team’s working styles (ex. if your team is always on the go, that means you need tools that don’t require immediate Internet access and are mobile-friendly). From here, Meghan Frazer has some great advice to help you in your file and folder naming conventions. The ultimate goal is simplicity and helping you and your team find the information you need when you need it. So Megan suggests avoiding special characters other than hyphens or underscores, using the ISO date standard for dating your file names (YYYY-MM-DD), and using descriptive keywords to be able to find your information quickly. This is an example of what Meghan says a great file name might look like: 2015-10-31-ContentDevelopmentProcessHalloweenDiagram.jpg I’d take this a step further with a couple common conventions SEOs use for naming their files:  Lowercase every word while separating every one with a hyphen and no underscores. If you don’t need the date, eliminate it, and focus purely on the keyword of the file itself. content-development-process-halloween-diagram.jpg Whatever you decide for your naming conventions the point is this: Collaborate on a team and understand where you save content and how you name your files, folders, and notebooks so everyone can easily find the information they need quickly. Tip: Use  tags in Evernote for similes of  the keyword you use in your note name. When you search, tags will help you find the information faster. Ex. "passwords" could also be "logins". Plan  To Develop  Better Content Than Anyone Else In Your Niche Well, that’s kind of a scary headline. But Brian Dean and Austin Kleon have some awesome advice that will help you do just that! Austin is an author who  has an awesome approach when it comes to creating content: Steal like an artist.

Assignment 2 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Assignment 2 - Coursework Example Surface water i.e. rivers lakes, ground water are the main sources of fresh water for human consumption such as household, irrigation, industrial purposes etc. Some of the freshwater sources are renewable and others are non-renewable. Renewable resources can refresh themselves naturally with the passage of time but some human activities are changing them into non renewable resources. Using ground water at a rate exceeding its recharging can result in climate change like less rainfall, extensive flooding etc. This is what is happening in the Edward ground water reservoir of Central Texas. North Africa, China, India all these countries are facing this problem of ground water depletion and this condition will become more severe in future. Surface water (rivers) is crucial for agriculture as well as for industries. Rainfall and melting of glaciers are the sources of water in these rivers. Deforestation by the humans is disturbing the rain system, and resulting in less rainfall so less am ount of water is added to the rivers. Construction of dams etc results in less water reaching delta regions of rivers. It affects the fish species living in the wetland areas. Around 80% of all the wetlands present in Europe have been destroyed. In large parts of the world, rivers are considered as dumping sites for wastewater. According to a report by Food and Agriculture Organization, 450 cubic Km of wastewater is discharging in to lakes and rivers everywhere. Human intervention has thus become a threat to fresh water. Fossil Fuel Oil, Gas and Coal are the three most important fossil fuels. Out of these Oil is more commonly in use and therefore considered more important due to its particular characteristics that give it a privilege over other fuels. Industries, agriculture, all economic sectors are in one way or the other using oil. Different derivatives of crude oil such as plastics, wax have their importance as well. It is rightly said that we are living in the Age of Oil Oil is important for the economic development so all countries try to find their own oil. According to estimation more than 50% of the oil that was available on this planet has already been produced and it is called Peak in Oil Production. Now geologists are of the view that we have oil reservoirs that can supply oil with the current annual consumption level for 40 more years only. That is an alarming situation, so scientists are trying to develop techniques to cope up with this situation. Some people are trying to use coal in liquid or solid form and natural gas as a substitute of oil. Environmentalists are not happy about it as coal produces a lot of pollution. OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) was created by oil producing countries to develop ways to stabilize the oil prices in the international market and to ensure a steady income to the member countries. In my view, instead of emphasizing more on the use of fossil fuel we must develop renewable sources as a substit ute of these fossil fuels. These renewable sources are environment friendly. We can harness sunlight, wind or tides for the extraction of energy. Instead of thermal power plants we must rely more on the hydro electric power plants. Climate Change Industrialization and modern lifestyle has resulted in an increased amount of Carbon dioxide, methane and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. These gases trap the infrared energy with in the earth’

A study of factors which influence student's career choice after Dissertation

A study of factors which influence student's career choice after graduating from a master's degree - Dissertation Example ethnicity and gender (H1), monetary benefits (H2), personal interests (H3), and family influences (H4). The findings of the research depicts that these attributes positively relate to the career choices of graduates, but the impact created by the factors differ in terms of significance. That is, ethnicity and gender along with the family influences tend to be insignificant in influencing the career choices of the graduates directly or strongly. On the other hand, monetary benefits and personal interests are termed to be quite significant in influencing the career choices of graduates. ... 4 Scope of the Research 55 References 56 Bibliography 62 Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Background The study is based on the identification of factors which tend to influence the career choices of graduates in determining their future objectives. Several studies have been conducted based on a similar issue. The evidences reveal various kinds of factors that strongly influences the career objectives determined by graduate students. The factors are identified to relate to the socio-demographic and socio-economic factors. The career objectives have also been recognised to be influenced by the cultural prospects which relates to the ethnicity of the students (Perrone & Et. Al., 2001). For instance, a student belonging to the African-American ethnic background is likely to posses differing perception with that of an Asian-American which in turn influences his/her career objectives. The determination of the career goals can also be influenced by the sexual characteristics of a student. Other than these factors, the monetary issues and the parental influences are also noted to be significant factors that influence the career objectives of graduate students (Wong & Liu, 2009). Based on these evidences and the problem statement that career objectives determined by graduate students depend upon various attributes, the discussion of the paper will be intended to analyse and evaluate these factors. The paper will further intend to recognise the most crucial factors and conclude on the career management aspect of human resource management. 1.2 Research Objectives With due consideration to the findings of the early researches, it is quite apparent that the influencing factors of career objectives among the graduates relate to various attributes. The studies further reveal that the

Related Local Literature Essay Example for Free

Related Local Literature Essay This study deals with the review and analysis of the literature and studies relevant to inventory management techniques that the researchers will be using in the optimization. It consists of information culled from studies and literature, both local and foreign, from which this study is subject to. This chapter will certainly help in giving the reader a better understanding of what is Economic Order Quantity model and Dynamic Programming to optimization of the inventory system. Definition: Inventory Inventory refers to any kind of resources having economic value and is maintained to fulfil the present and future needs of theconsumers. It is a physical stock of items that business or production enterprise keeps in hand for efficient running of affairs or its production. Inventory is the quantity of goods, raw materials or other resources that are idle at any given point of time. Inventory control is the means by which materials of the correct quantity and quality is made available as a when required with due regard to economy in storage and ordering costs and working capital. It is also defined as the systematic location, storage and recording of goods in such a way that desired degree of service can be made to the operating shops at a minimum ultimate cost† (S.C sharma (1999). P. 509, 512). Inventory model: Economic Order Quantityand Dynamic Programming For over a century, the literature encompassing hundreds of books and journals has included frequent writings of management scientists applying quantitative methods to help inventory managers make two critical decisions: how much inventory to order, and when to order it. Inventory management started as early as the beginning of the 20th century when F. W. Harris originally developed the lot size formula or the EOQ model in 1915. R. H. Wilson independently developed the same formula in 1918. Apparently, Wilson popularized the model so the EOQ model is also referred to as the Wilson EOQ model. The EOQ formula has been independently discovered many times in the last eighty years. It is simplistic and uses several unrealistic assumptions. In Cargal discussed the basic EOQ model; he said that they cannot determine what quantity of an item to order when ordering supplies. Despite the many more sophisticated formulas and algorithm available, some large corporations still use the EOQ formula. In general, large corporations that use the EOQ formula do not want the public or competitors to know they use something so unsophisticated. The variables, graph, and the formula was also discussed in this paper. The classic EOQ model has been directly used in practice but which, more importantly, represents the key foundation of decision rules dealing with more complicated circumstances.Different variations and applications of the EOQ model in production and inventory operations were expanded over the years such as dealing with the quantity discounts, shelf-life considerations, replenishment lead time and constraints on the replenishment. Further advancements in inventory management took place when dynamic programming was used, with R. Bellman as its founding father. However, earlier works in DP were produced by Arrow, Karlin and Scarf. Bellman, who popularized DP, used the stochastic models for the inventory management problems. But in 1958, Wagner and Within started with a deterministic model, referred to as the Wagner-Within method, with known demands in each period, and fluctuating costs from one period to the next. A few years later, results for the stochastic model were established by Iglehart and Wagner with Veinott, which involves a demand with a continuous distribution. Inventory models have been applied and adapted by organizations. Silver enumerated the extensive research and application done over the years. In retail inventory management, retail outlets are increasingly adopting equipment that permits capture of demand data and updating of inventory records at the point of sale. In integrated logistics, a very complex system, it utilizes operations inventory management where maintenance, transportation and/or production are involved. In interactions with marketing, inventory management is applied on how to routinely take account of the effects of promotional activities on the control of inventories, how to predict and account for the effects of the system on the demand pattern, and the allocation of the shelf space in outlets such as supermarkets. Stock on Inventory The American Institute of Accountants defined the term inventory as â€Å"the aggregate of those items of tangible property which (1) are held for sale in the ordinary course of business, (2) are in process of production for such sale or (3) are to be available for ‘sale’. In Nigeria, inventory is usually referred to as stock-in-trade or work-in-progress. Stock may consist of (i) Raw materials and supplies to be consumed in production (ii) work-in-progress, or partly manufactured goods, (ii) Finished stock or goods ready for sale. Stocks are valued in a fundamentally different way from fixed assets; the latter are usually valued at cost less accumulated depreciation. No method of stock valuation is suitable for all types of business in all circumstances. Stock is valued at cost less any part of cost, which needs to be written off when net realizable value or the replacement price is lower than cost. The Functions of Inventory Inventories perform a number of vital functions in the operations of a system, which in turn makes them critical to the production sector as well. Without inventories, organizations could not hope to achieve smooth production flow, obtain reasonable utilization of machines and reasonable handling cost or expects to give reasonable service to customers. The basic function of inventories whether they are raw materials, work-in-progress or finished goods are that of decoupling the operations involved in converting inputs into outputs. This allows the successive stages in the purchasing, manufacturing and distribution process to operate reliance on the schedule of output, of prior activities in the production process. Furthermore, the decoupling function allows both time and spatial separation between production and consumption of products in the operating system. Lastly, inventories can also be used for other purposes apart from the decoupling functions. For example, when inventories are displayed, they serve as promotional investment. Raw materials and finished inventories are frequently accumulated to wedge against price rises, inflation and strikes. Inventories also serve to smooth out irregularities in supply. In essence, inventories act to decouple organizational activities, thereby achieving lower costs of operations. Inventories act to reduce procurement costs, and inventories act to provide good customer service and smooth production flow by providing onetime delivery and avoiding costly stock shortages. Inventories ordered in large quantities can result in lower freight charges and price discounts. On the other hand, inventory requires tying up capital that would otherwise be invested elsewhere. Inventory also requires costly storage space; and such costs as insurance, spoilage obsolesce, pilferage and taxes must be incurred as a result of maintaining inventory. Hence, there is an appropriate opportunity cost associated with their value. It is therefore, the duty of the management to seek decision rules that will actually balance these controversies of costs for a given system. It is in response to this management quest for guidance in handling inventory decision situations that a number of techniques (models) have been developed to serve as aid to management in achieving optimal inventory solutions. Inventory Cost The objectives of materials management are to minimize inventory investments and to maximize customer service. It is a plan to see that, the goals can be inconsistent or even indirect conflicts the role of the materials management is thus to balance the objective in relation to the existing conditions and environmental limitations. The basic object of inventory management is to maximize customer service through maintaining appropriate amount of inventory with minimum possible cost. Inventory costs are costs associated with the operation of an inventory system. Thus the relevant costs included inventory are the following: The purchase cost (P)The purchase costs of an item are the unit purchase it is obtained from an external source or the unit production costs it is produced internally. For the purchase items it is the purchase costless modified for different quantity levels manufacturing items the unit cost include direct labour or company overhead. Ordering or set up cost (C)This is the cost of placing an order. This cost directly with the number of order or setups placed and not at all weigh the size of the order. The ordering cost included making analysing materials inspecting materials follows up orders and doing the processing necessary to complete the transaction. Carrying costs or holding costs (H)There are costs of items (inventories) in storage. These costs vary with the level of inventory and occasionally with the length of item an item is held. The greater the level of inventory overtime, the higher the caring cost caring casts can be included the costs of losing the use of funds field up in inventory like storages casts such as rent of building heating cooling righting security, record keeping, deprecation obsolescence, product deterioration etc. Stock out cost (shortage cost) This is the cost as a result of not having items in storage. This can bring loses of good will profit loss of incur back order cost and delay in the customer service. Establishing the correct quantity to order from vendors or the size of lots submitted to the firms productive facilities involves a search for the minimum total cost resulting from the combined effects of fewer individual costs holding costs, setup costs ordering costs and storage costs (Tersine, R.J, 1994. PP. 13-15) Inventory Costing Method There are three methods of inventory costing method. These are:First – in First – out (FIFO)This method is based on the assumption that costs should be computed out in the order in which incurred. Inventory is thus stated in terms of recent costs. Last – in First – out (LIFO)is a method based on the assumption that goods should be charged out the latest cost be the latest cost be the first that are charge out. Inventories are thus stated in terms of earliest cost.Weighted average method is a method based on the assumption that goods should be charged out at an average cost such average being influenced by the number of unites acquired at the price. Inventories are stated at the same weighted average cost.

Oedipus and Tiresias :: Essays Papers

Oedipus and Tiresias Oedipus and Tiresias, characters of Sophocles' play "Oedipus Tyrannus," are propelled to their individual destinies by their peculiar relationships with truth. Paranoid and quick to anger Oedipus, is markedly different from the confident and self-assured Tiresias. In the dialogue between the two men, Oedipus rapidly progresses from praise of Tiresias as a champion and protector of Thebes in line 304, to blatantly accusing the blind prophet of betraying the city in line 331, to angrily insulting him in line 334. Rather than be intimidated by the protagonist's title and temperament, Tiresias draws strength from what he knows is true and is able to stand his ground. In this play, power and strength come from the knowledge of truth. Ironically, blind Tiresias, who has the ability to see the truth, becomes enslaved to his own knowledge. Knowing the truth about Oedipus enlists him in the designs of fate as the catalyst of Oedipus' destructive revelation. The prophet takes strength in knowing what he knows is true but, as he says in line 316, he is not able to profit from the knowledge. Forced into dispute with the king of Thebes, by playing off of the anxieties of the main character, the simple power of knowing what another does not know protects Tiresias. Gradually Tiresias' and Oedipus' relationships with the truth are revealed as that of knowledge and ignorance, respectively. The anxieties that plague Oedipus, making him weak and prone to paranoia, are rooted in the obscurity of his origins. In response to accusations made by Oedipus, Tiresias declares that he is neither a conspirator in a scheme concocted by Oedipus' paranoid mind, nor his supplicant. Rather, Tiresias states that he is a slave of Loxias: the ambiguous one. In whatever manner the mechanics of Tiresias' prophetic sight function, to understand the nature of truth, they must include deciphering the ambiguous. As a true slave of Loxias, he is incapable of directly telling Oedipus the truth but always speaks enigmatically. An extreme annoyance to Oedipus, such seemingly vague speech may be the only way that the truth may be expressed. Tiresias is thus fluent in the language of truth and is speaking to Oedipus, who claims to excel in deciphering riddles, in the clearest manner. Tiresias knows who Oedipus' parents are, and he knows that the revelation of Oedipus' genealogy will cause the foundations of Oedipus' identity to crumble, simultaneously destroying one man and causing another man to come into being.

Public Health of the Developing Country of South Africa Essay

Abstract Studies and statistics have put the cost of one year requirement of standard essential medicines needed for the treatment of AIDS at $ 4000 to $ 6000 in developing countries like South Africa. This cost puts the medicines out of the reach of most of the people infected by HIV in the developing countries. In order to make the medicines available to all the needy people the cost should have been at least 95 percent less. The exorbitant price is because of the cost of the patents. The drugs protected by the intellectual property rights were required to treat diseases like Tuberculosis, in addition to the treatments of HIV/AIDS. Such drugs also included Hepatitis-B Vaccine. There has been a continuous criticism by the social activists and other public health associations, of the action by the World Trade Organization in making the developing countries implement the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement which deals with the protection of Intellectual Property rights relating to the essential drugs. They have also been condemning the attitude of the multinational companies in indulging in excessive lobbying to insist on the implementation of the IP rights protection which will have the effect of enhancing their earnings by charging exorbitant prices for the drugs and for putting the essential drugs and health care beyond the affordability of scores of people in the developing nations including South Africa. However under such circumstances the relationship between the government of South Africa and the international pharmaceutical companies had not been a conducive one – thanks to the implementation of the provisions of TRIPS Agreement. On the decision of the South African Government to pass the Medicines and Related Substances Amendment Act in the year 1997, 39 drug companies joined to initiate legal action against the government. The plea of the drug companies is that the Act gave too much freedom of action to the Health Minister and he acted beyond the legitimate interpretation of TRIPS. It was the endeavour of South Africa to make life saving drugs available at affordable prices. The country wanted to effectively utilize the compulsory licensing opportunities opened by TRIPS so that the prices of the drugs could be put under check. But since the action of the government posed a threat to the earning capacity of the international pharmaceutical companies they went to the extent of entering into litigation with the government of South Africa. Introduction TRIPS (Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) under the authority of the WTO were founded to protect worldwide intellectual property rights. The agreements, governing not only more general intellectual property rights but also those of the pharmaceutical industry, are fairly stringent causing many problems for developing countries especially South Africa which is being ravaged by epidemics which includes AIDS. According to a statistical survey by United Nations[1] 20 percent of the adult population in South Africa tests positive for HIV. The impact of the disease is such that the more than half a million children have been declared orphans. It is also reported that HIV/AIDS related diseases expect to reduce the average life expectancy in South Africa by 20 years in the year 2010. Therefore it can be inferred that the provision of treatment of HIV/AIDS in South Africa is a high priority issue[2]. It has been necessary for South Africa to circumvent part of the TRIPS agreements in an effort to protect its population.   AIDS is taking great toll of the country leaving families without parents and health care hospitals totally unable to cope. The United States currently insists on the TRIPS agreement being strictly adhered to and seems unable, or unwilling, to find a way to help the developing nations with this problem. There have been some efforts made to help them in this respect, for example compulsory licensing and parallel pricing and these methods will be examined in a later section. The negotiation of the TRIPS Agreement has been construed as one that was forcibly introduced by the developing countries against the objection of many of the developing nations. The industrial lobbies (multinational and transnational corporations) have convinced the governments of the developed countries to link the international trade with Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) so that the industrial advancement of the developing countries would be curtailed. This would automatically prevent imitation of technologies and increase the returns on research and development for the developed countries. Monopoly rights granted under IPR were mainly intended to deter the developing countries from advancing on the industrialization. Thus TRIPS Agreement and the protection of IPR have been used to ensure the comparative advantage of the developed countries in terms of the technological development. Under TRIPS countries like India, Brazil which manufactures generic medicines would not have the right to export such medicines with effect from 01 January 2005. This is so despite the fact that the importing countries do have the respective patents covering the drugs. Specifically the least developing countries have put a strong resistance to the requirements of TRIPS especially in the matter of granting the protection rights for the products and processes. While developing countries were required to implement the provisions within one year of reaching the Agreement, the developing countries were given time until the end of the year 2004. In the matter of protection of rights of pharmaceutical products the lease developing countries have been allowed to delay the implementation of TRIPS Agreement provisions till the year 2016. The peculiarity with the provisions of TRIPS is that it allows any country to override the patent right under certain specific circumstances by using the compulsory licensing procedure. For instance when there is a shortage of drugs or the prices of the drugs are too high to make them unaffordable the country can override the patent if the prescribed procedures are followed. This provision of TRIPS presupposes that all the countries do possess the required manufacturing facilities which enable them to use the provisions to produce generic medicines under extraordinary circumstances. But unfortunately many of the developing and least developing countries do not posses such facilities, and hence they would be left with shortage of such drugs. In addition they are also not allowed to import the generics from those countries that possess them. In any case these countries do not have enough power and administrative capabilities to invoke the TRIPS Agreement either due to the reason that they do not possess the know-how required to reengineer the drugs or they fear sanctions from the US and the West[3]. TRIPS Agreement under WTO The TRIPS Agreement is often thought of as one of the three â€Å"pillars† of the WTO (World Trade Organization), trade in goods and services being the other two.[4] TRIPS, initially part of GATT. But becoming part of the WTO brief, was founded to ensure that protection of intellectual property rights was not, of itself, an obstruction to trade and to increase cooperation between members. Under the TRIPS agreement each member state has an obligation to treat all other member states equally. The WTO negotiates between members and helps them to understand and carry out the rules and regulations they have signed up to. It also aids cooperation between members and acts as a watchdog to ensure that the agreement is adhered to. Marketing rights of a patent, when first applied for, are given for a period of 5 years or until the patent is finally approved (whichever is the shorter period) but even during this period members must comply with the rules and regulations as set out in Articles 3 and 4. Because of the nature of the agreement especially as regards pharmaceuticals, it was decided that minimum standards could be used, the USA prefers the higher standards but accepts the minimum as the developing world does not have the capacity to work to the higher standards at the present time. Public awareness of the serious issue of AIDS and other diseases has led to the belief   (by the WTO) that health must, in the final analysis, come before agreements since the spread of AIDS cannot be the sole responsibility of one country. In trying to bridge the gap between the pharmaceutical companies and the developing nations, TRIPS has endeavoured to bring the two sides together by allowing extensions to drugs’ patents but has also allowed some compulsory licensing. Article 3(a) under the TRIPS Agreement states that treatment of all members must be equal,   but Article 3(b) is a get-out clause and Article 4(b) states that all members are equal, unless an †¦agreement was entered into before the WTO agreement.   However, the Council for TRIPS must be informed of any non-observance of Article 3(a) under Article 3(b). The TRIPS Agreement ensures that members discharge their commitments to the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO). Part of the United Nations WIPO was set up in 1974 specifically to direct international treaties and agreements. The Paris Convention on Industrial Property and the Berne Convention on Copyright, two of the major treaties have been brought under the TRIPS umbrella.   The former states that â€Å"members must comply with the obligations they have towards each other† and â€Å"nothing must stand in the way of such obligations†.  Ã‚   However, as noted, there is a get-out clause in cases of emergency which has to be acknowledged by members to the agreements. There is also an agreement that member countries monitor each other for infringements.   Most important in terms of worldwide health problems is Article 67 of TRIPS which states   that developed countries must assist developing countries with the development of their intellectual property rights, it states: â€Å"In order to facilitate the implementation of this Agreement developed country Members shall provide, on request and mutually agreed terms and conditions, technical and financial cooperation in favour of developing and least-developed country members† â€Å"Such cooperation shall include assistance in the preparation of laws and regulations on the protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights as well as on the prevention of their abuse, and shall include support regarding the establishment or reinforcement of domestic offices and agencies relevant to these matters, including the training of personnel.†Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Programmes to assist the developing nations have already been promoted and are being assisted by the WTO secretariat and WIPO. TRIPS Agreement in Relation to Medicines   Since most pharmaceutical research and development is carried out in developed countries the organisations involved feel that they should be better protected.   Most drugs cost millions and take years to test and develop before being allowed onto the market, the industry naturally want returns by way of profits on sales. AIDS medication has been a particularly important breakthrough since: ‘HIV infects an estimated 45 million persons worldwide†Ã‚   but there are also â€Å"†¦1.86 billion cases of infection with mycobacterium tuberculosis†[5] therefore, it is imperative that something be done to help alleviate this type of suffering which, with the ever growing number of tourists, should be the concern of not only those countries in which these epidemics are raging but every nation whose borders are open to travel from other countries. The TRIPS agreement, currently, seems to err on the side of the drugs’ companies, probably because they have such powerful lobbies and are part of the new world-wide elite of corporations which, according to Janet Dine, are increasingly importing their own ethics into the developing countries and virtually taking over, creating in the process an impoverished and unhealthy nation, they, the indigenous population have to take what is offered often at less than subsistence wages and become more dependant on the corporations who have moved into their countries in search of ever increasing profits. The money the corporations make from taking over in developing countries returns, not to the people of that region, but to their own countries.  Ã‚   With tax incentives and a population who take any work they can get to survive at the lowest rates offered, these Corporations appear to be fuelling a crisis in health for some of the poorest nations in the world.[6] Although The TRIPS agreement does allow for compulsory licensing in an emergency, each country must first negotiate with rights’ holders and must use those drugs obtained under such a license only for the emergency period and not for any commercial gain. Specific areas, such as South Africa, are going through a health crisis which needs the drugs already available to ameliorate it, however, in spite of clause 3(b), they are getting no further forward in their fight to help their citizens to overcome unprecedented death rates that the epidemics are producing. In spite of Articles 30/31, which allow for compulsory licensing, the poorest and least developed nations are fighting against the cost of the use of patents and the epidemics themselves. Compulsory licensing does not adequately cover the needs of such nations in   â€Å"sub-Saharan Africa since they do not have facilities to manufacture their own drugs.†[7] Protection of intellectual property is not part of the culture of many countries, nevertheless, the TRIPS Agreement was signed on 15th April 1994 by 117 nations. The agreement allows intellectual property rights to be â€Å"enforced by trade sanctions†[8] and, although some countries were not in complete agreement, international trade is vital to their economic growth so, however reluctantly, they signed.   Inhibitors, which have done much to control AIDS in the west, cost as much as $10.000 per head annually but international trade is the life blood of developing nations therefore they had little choice but to do so.[9] 4. TRIPS and Developing Countries It has been observed that implementing TRIPS Agreement and recognizing IPR on pharmaceutical products and processes would result in the following problems to the developing countries[10]: The minimum 20 years protection to the IPR would grant a virtual monopoly for a pharmaceutical company over its patented drug and the company would be able to charge exorbitant prices on the drugs without competition which in turn would keep the drug prices very high during the period of protection. It is also not possible to bring any generic equivalent into the market due to the TRIPS Agreement. This would deny the patients cheaper alternative drugs. The product and process patents provide for the protection of the product as well as the technology. Under the TRIPS Agreement the countries are given the right to make application for the protection of patent rights on drugs for a period extending up to twenty years. After the expiation of this period the countries can get the protection extended for further periods to the processes being employed in the manufacture of the drugs. This no doubt creates a monopoly situation on the drugs. Such protection also throw the domestic pharmaceutical producers in the developing countries out of market as they have to compete with large multinational pharmaceutical manufacturers which is not possible for small producers in the developing nations who use cheaper generic alternatives. Moreover such production may not be carried out by them during the 20 year protection period. Under TRIPS Agreement patent rights need to be granted irrespective of the fact that the products are imported or domestically manufactured[11]. This implies that the transnational corporations can supply global markets under the monopoly of patent rights even without producing any medicines in the developing countries by simply importing them into the developing countries. There will be no flow of technology or foreign direct investments into the developing countries as envisaged by the WTO However under Article 66 of the TRIPS the least developed countries were allowed to postpone the application of the provisions relating to the patents for a period of 10 years on specific application.[12] 5. Exceptions to the Patent Protection of Pharmaceuticals    Parallel importing – implying that the developing counties are allowed to import the drugs from the cheaper markets for resale in their respective countries and thereby lower the prices of drugs. Compulsory licensing – under compulsory licensing scheme, the government acting through the courts of law is empowered to provide a license in favor of a third party. Such license may be granted by the government even without the prior consent of the license holder. However the compulsory licensing can be resorted to in cases of national emergencies. The license may also be compulsorily transferred to a third party in case of an extremely emergent situation or where there are circumstances implying any anti-competitive movements by the manufacturers. The compulsory licensing is resorted to by the governments to make the drugs easily available to the poor and needy people at affordable costs. It also ensures that the patent holder is provided adequate compensation for use of the patent. 6. Public Health in South Africa and the Impact of TRIPS Agreement The need for cheaper drugs in South Africa can not be undermined. The impact of AIDS in the country poses the situation of an extreme emergency forcing the implementation TRIPS. The economy of South Africa is likely to get affected by a reduction of 1 percent every year because of the work force getting disintegrated. It is estimated that the life expectancy would be lowered to 50 years in 2010 from 70 years currently. These threats to the economy and population growth would as well be a threat to ‘peace and order’ situations in the country of South Africa[13]. In this context all the problems enumerated above for the developing nations have been faced by South Africa also. In addition when the government wanted to implement the Medicines and Related Substances Control Bill, the US Government vehemently objected to the passing of the law which allowed for parallel importing and compulsory licensing. However amidst lot of pressure on the government and the Parliament the South African government enacted the law in the year 1997.The pharmaceutical lobby backed by the transnational companies in the South Africa not only filed a suit against the promulgation of the law but also indulged in negotiations and threats   to the government to change its stand. The pressure was intense after the year 1997 when the South African government tried to implement a number of policy measures to lower the prices of drugs used in public health. â€Å"The SA policies have focused on such issues as mandatory generic drug substitution, restrictions on inappropriate marketing efforts, registration of generic versions of the cancer drug Paclitaxel (sold as Taxol by Bristol-Myers Squibb), parallel-imports, and compulsory licensing†[14]. It may be noted that despite Article 31 of the TRIPS Agreement that provides for the parallel importing and compulsory licensing the transnational pharmaceutical companies have vehemently opposed the attempts by developing countries like South Africa taking measures for implementing parallel importing and compulsory licensing as these practices would allow these countries to have their requirements of the medicines at cheaper prices which in turn would affect the profits of these transnational companies[15]. It was after the intervention of the AIDS activists and health activists that US came to an understanding in the issue. The government of South Africa insisted that it retains all the original provisions defending its position be retained. The government also wanted to make the fullest use of compulsory licensing and parallel importing which were considered as detrimental to the interests of the American Transnational Companies[16]. How American Corporations Control the Business World A- Business lobbies: Large and small businesses in the United States have been organised into various associations, for example Business Round Tables are national Associations which include membership of the Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) of all the most important trans-national companies and the National Chamber of Commerce includes all sizes of firms.[17] Round Tables have been in existence since 1972, the first was formed by forty-two of the (then) biggest and most important U.S. companies including banks, retailers, Insurance, transport and most of the utilities’ companies. They were designed to enable business to proceed without the destructive competitive basis of the business world. They were described as: â€Å"An association of chief executive officers who examine public issues that affect the economy and develop positions which seek to reflect sound economic and social principles. †¦ the Roundtable was founded in the belief that business executives should take an increased role in the continuing debates about public policy.†[18] The raison d’etre for these firms was the idea that ‘what ever is good for business is good for the American people’. They argued that, employees, purchasers, suppliers etc all have an interest in a business. These associations, they say, represent a cross section of the American public.[19] The idea that ‘what is good for business is good for America’ is patently nonsense since most people are in fact excluded from any rights in this elite world.  Ã‚   Employees have little or no say in the running of their firms and consumers must pay the prices asked, they do have the right ‘not to buy’ which is a somewhat negative view of the process of inclusiveness. David C Korten says that most of the memberships of the Round Tables are confined to white males over the age of 50 whose salaries are enormous. They do not, as claimed, consider that what is good for business is good for America but rather endeavour to maximise their own profits and those of their shareholders by seeking to globalise in areas where they can have an almost free hand to carry out their business practices almost unhindered by the laws of any country they move into. [20] Free Trade has long been an ideal of the American Corporate world which is why the Round Tables campaigned vigorously for the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA and created USA-NAFTA to front their interests, the American public, nervous at so much control in so few hands, have been given country-wide blanket assurances through the media.   In spite of the fact that NAFTA was supposed to be a really broad church of interests it is really part of the elite Round Table Associations and has many representatives on advisory committees. The country might have been even more nervous if they had realised that at the time of the creation of these Round Tables the major companies were in fact laying aside their competitive differences to â€Å"reach a consensus on issues of social and economic policy for America†.[21] B- Influence of U.S. Democracy Janet Dine claims â€Å"no single idea is more deeply embedded in modern culture than the belief that economic growth is the key to meeting most important human needs, including alleviating poverty and protecting the environment† [22] which accounts for the greatest growth area in Washington being public relations firms. These firms work hard to protect the images of their corporate clients against a rising tide of discontent which is now manifesting itself throughout the world. It could be thought that they are fighting a losing battle but â€Å"the top fifty public relations firms billed over $1.7 billion dollars in 1991†[23] which gives rise to the question, why are these PR firms so necessary? There is probably no single answer to this question but very little news is given directly to the public without some corporate employee looking at the effect it will have, news and advertising, according to Korten, are almost synonymous.[24] The political system of America has greatly changed in the post war period of more general affluence. The Democratic party has lost its basic identity   the party of the people – as opposed to the Republicans who have always represented business and the wealthier side of the electorate – this being so the Democrats are far more dependant on the need to raise funds for their electioneering and have turned to the corporations who inevitably want quid pro quo for their donations. The mass media are heavily behind the elitist values of corporate America and the amount they are able to pay to PR firms to put across an extremely one-sided policy and both the leading parties needing the financial backing of corporate America, this, says David C Korten, â€Å"This is the sorry state of American democracy†.[25]   He says that voters tend to be seen as a passive homogeneous mass of potential customers who can be told not only what to buy but also what to think and feel.   What is worse, this idea of corporations is spreading, many trans-national companies rely heavily on the corporate idealism of what is good for them is good for the people they sell to.   Mexico and Japan both use those same American firms to tell their populations what they should think and feel and ultimately what they should buy. C- American Democracy   for Sale: â€Å"The Mexican government spent upwards of $25 million and hired many of the leading Washington lobbyists to support its campaign for NAFTA. †¦ Japanese corporations were spending an estimated $100 million a year on political lobbying in the United States and another $300 million building a nationwide grassroots political network to influence public opinion†. [26] Canada, Britain and the Netherlands’ governments employ public relations’ firms in America to help them lobby and draft laws that will be favourable to the business elites in their own countries. These companies try to sell the idea of ‘corporate libertarianism’ [27]which is supposed to allay the fears of those who have an idea that all is not well in the corporate world of business, it is possible to claim that these corporations are in fact in the act of ‘taking over the world’ and with the resources piling up behind them it could well happen in the not too distant future. The United States and Higher Levels of Protection. To add to this theme of a world take-over by corporate America, the signatories to TRIPS have begun to rethink intellectual property protection.[28] This is bad news for those under-developed countries which rely on drugs from the western world to protect their citizens from ravaging epidemics. Rosalyn S Park says: â€Å"Poor, developing nations have been most affected by the patent protection laws and resulting high drug prices, yet these nations also harbor the highest number of HIV-positive people. Consequently, the vast majority of people in need of HIV/AIDS medicines simply cannot afford them†. [29] In 2006 new protection laws will come into force which all members must adhere to. This will have a devastating effect on the millions of people in countries too poor to have their own drugs’ businesses, they will become more reliant upon those better protected, developed countries making vast profits from the countries least able to pay. Neither the USA nor the European Union appear greatly interested in aiding those countries with the greatest needs and the least ability to pay.   Admittedly concessions have been made as regards agricultural and textile concessions but this has been at the cost of allowing higher property rights which is a swings-and-round-a-bouts situation.   It would be much more useful to South Africa specifically and to the developing world in general, if the costs of patented drugs could be either brought down or, as a common sense gesture of good will, eliminated completely until such time as the AIDS epidemic was at least brought down to manageable proportions. In spite of â€Å"several different types of drugs on the market which help combat AIDS and AIDS related illnesses†[30] not enough are getting through to the developing countries as the multinationals are still insisting on not just the status quo as regards intellectual property rights but even higher levels.[31] They appear to be driven only by the profit motive and the perceived necessity for free trade paying little attention to the suffering caused in the developing world. Nor are they taking a long term view, highly contagious diseases are rife in the developing world, therefore, with the modern freedom of travel, no country can ever be safe from the same epidemics.   Even with modern drugs to combat them, new strains will develop, new drugs will have to be found and costs will escalate. Drugs now exist which allow people with AIDS to live a reasonably normal life including returning to work, it would in fact be in the interests of the drugs’ companies to allow South Africa to use them, dead people have no use for drugs nor anything else that the multi-nationals may wish to sell them. Conclusion The TRIPS Agreement was a milestone in patent protection of intellectual property rights and was considered to be a financial safeguard for research investment, however, it also had the effect of pricing some pharmaceuticals out of the reach of many nations most in need of the most recently patented medicines.   Before the TRIPS agreement, governments had been able to make compulsory licence orders to produce drugs at lower prices in their own countries, after the agreement, although still possible, it is much more difficult and thus more difficult to protect their citizens from the epidemics which are wreaking havoc in their countries. It is important to protect intellectual property rights but it is far more important to protect people’s lives but the balance currentlppears to be largely towards the greater protection of pharmaceutical industries. TRIPS allows compulsory licensing and parallel pricing but underdeveloped countries such as South Africa are being prevented from using them because of the threat of trade sanctions and trade is vital to their economies. It is necessary to protect peoples’ work and investment and research must be encouraged especially into life-threatening diseases. Corporations who invest time and money into producing drugs to cope with these scourges should reap the rewards of their labour.   However, many drugs’ companies are seeing such enormous returns on their investments that concessions should be made to underdeveloped countries which so desperately need the medications produced by these huge giants of industry. In spite of concessions in the TRIPS agreement, corporations do appear to be protected at the expense of people’s lives. Public health should be and is a priority in the west where governments can afford to buy the health of their citizens. Unfortunately, this is not the case in the poorer, less developed countries where governments are struggling to find ways to access drugs and yet to maintain a healthy trading relationship with the countries which hold the patents to these drugs. Good health is the basic right of every citizen of every country wherever possible. More goodwill is necessary on the part of the western world and America in particular to allow compulsory licensing and parallel pricing to be used without the threat of trade sanctions.  Ã‚   Epidemics do not respect borders, they can be carried by people to all corners the world, what was a third world problem yesterday is our problem today, world health is an issue that no country can ignore therefore although corporations must be allowed fair returns on their investments it must not be at the expense of world health. It is quite apparent that TRIPS Agreement has not taken into account the public health needs of the developing nations while formulating the clauses relating to the protection of IPR in respect of pharmaceutical needs. The Agreement has not specified any particular obligations towards those governments granting the IPR for pharmaceutical products. The Agreement has also not considered the need for public health in the developing countries and grossly ignored the interests of the patients of these countries. There are a number of factors that the developing countries have to take into account including the implication of the TRIPS Agreement and the patent protection under the Agreement in the provision of medical facilities and adequate public health to the people of the respective developing countries. â€Å"At the end of the day it must be recognized that the poorer residents of the world’s least affluent nations cannot pay even the marginal cost of drugs that might save their lives or permit them to become productive workers†[32]. Bibliography    Conceicao Soares (2007)‘The HIV/AIDS crisis and corporate moral responsibility in the light of the Levinasian notions of proximity and the Third’ Business Ethics: A European Review Vol. 16 No 3 p 280 David C Korten, When Corporations Rule the World, Earthscan Publication Ltd. London, p.144 Duane Nash, â€Å"†¦VI, Foreign & International Law South Africa’s Medicines and Related Substances Control Amendment Act of 1997† 15 Berkeley Tech. L J. 485(lexis) Fact Sheet ‘Developing Countries’ Transition Periods’ p1 F.M. Scherer and Jayashree Watal ‘Post-Trips Options for Access to Patented Medicines in Developing Nations’ Journal of International Economic Law (2002) p 939 Janet Dine, The Governance of Corporate Groups, Cambridge University Press, 2000.p.157 J H Reichman, The TRIPS Agreement Comes of Age: Conflict or Cooperation with the Developing Countries? P.6 John A. Harrelson, â€Å" IV. Note: Trips, Pharmaceutical Patents, and the HIV/AIDS Crisis: Finding the Proper Balance Between Intellectual Property Rights and Compassion† 7 Wid. L. Symp. J . 175(lexis) Kara M. Bombach ‘The South African Medicines and Related Substances Control Amendment Bill and TRIPS’ p1 Lisa Foreman (2007)‘Trade Rules, Intellectual Property and the Right to Health’ Comparative Program in Health and Society Munk Centre for International Studies University of Toronto Ethics & International Affairs Vol. 21 No3 p 342 Louise Sylvan ‘TRIPS: Protecting Intellectual Property or Putting Profits Before People’ Online Opinion    p1 Medecins sans Frontieres (1999) Access to HIV/AIDS medicines in Thailand, Medecins sans Frontieres Report to the National AIDS Committee of Thailand, August 1999, MSF website, www.accessmed-msf.org/msf/accessmed/accessmed.nsf/html/4DTS2? Open Document.p1 N.B. Zaveri (1999) ‘Success often comes to those who dare and act’, paper presented at Brainstorming Workshop on WTO Agreements and People’s Concerns, New Delhi, Oct/Nov 1999 p1 Patric Bond ‘US Policy toward South Africa and Access to Pharmaceutical Drugs’ Alternative Information and Development Centre p1 Ross Brennan and Paul Baines (2005) ‘Is there a morally right price for anti-retroviral drugs in the developing world’ Business Ethics: A European Review Vol. 15 No 1 p32 Rosalyn S Park, The International Drug Industry: What the Future Holds for South Africa’s HIV/AIDS Patients, Minnesota Journal of Global Trade, p.3 Z. Mirza (1999) ‘WTO/TRIPS, pharmaceuticals and health: impacts and strategies’, The Network’s Drug Bulletin, Sept-Dec 1999, Vol. 8, No. 5/6, Association for Rational Use of Medication in Pakistan p 27       [1] United Nations (2004) Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic. Geneva: United Nations [2] Ross Brennan and Paul Baines (2005) ‘Is there a morally right price for anti-retroviral drugs in the developing world’ Business Ethics: A European Review Vol. 15 No 1 p 32 [3] Conceicao Soares (2007)‘The HIV/AIDS crisis and corporate moral responsibility in the light of the Levinasian notions of proximity and the Third’ Business Ethics: A European Review Vol. 16 No 3 p 280 [4] www.wto.org (Frequently asked questions about TRIPS in the WTO). [5] Duane Nash, â€Å"†¦VI, Foreigh & International Law South Africa’s Medicines and Related Substances Control Amendment Act of 1997† 15 Berkeley Tech. L J. 485(lexis) [6] Janet Dine, The Governance of Corporate Groups, Cambridge University Press, 2000.p.157 [7] John A. Harrelson, â€Å" IV. Note: Trips, Pharmaceutical Patents, and the HIV/AIDS Crisis: Finding the Proper Balance Between Intellectual Property Rights and Compassion† 7 Wid. L. Symp. J . 175(lexis) [8] Ibid [9] Ibid [10] Z. Mirza (1999) ‘WTO/TRIPS, pharmaceuticals and health: impacts and strategies’, The Network’s Drug Bulletin, Sept-Dec 1999, Vol. 8, No. 5/6, Association for Rational Use of Medication in Pakistan p 27 [11] Medecins sans Frontieres (1999) Access to HIV/AIDS medicines in Thailand, Medecins sans Frontieres Report to the National AIDS Committee of Thailand, August 1999, MSF website, www.accessmed-msf.org/msf/accessmed/accessmed.nsf/html/4DTS2? Open Document. p1 [12] Fact Sheet ‘Developing Countries’ Transition Periods’ p1 [13] Kara M. Bombach ‘The South African Medicines and Related Substances Control Amendment Bill and TRIPS’ http://academic.udayton.edu/health/06world/africa01.htm p1 [14] Patric Bond ‘US Policy toward South Africa and Access to Pharmaceutical Drugs’   Alternative Information and Development Centre  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      p1 [15] Louise Sylvan ‘TRIPS: Protecting Intellectual Property or Putting Profits Before People’ Online Opinion p1 [16] N.B. Zaveri (1999) ‘Success often comes to those who dare and act’, paper presented at Brainstorming Workshop on WTO Agreements and People’s Concerns, New Delhi, Oct/Nov 1999 p1 [17] David C Korten, When Corporations Rule the World, Earthscan Publication Ltd. London, p.144 [18] Ibid [19] Ibid [20] David C Korten, When Corporations Rule the World, Earthscan Publication Ltd. London, p.144 [21] Ibid [22] Janet Dine, The Governance of Corporate Groups, Cambridge University Press, 2000.p.156 [23] David C Korten, When Corporations Rule the World, Earthscan Publication Ltd. London, p.146 [24] Ibid [25] David C Korten, When Corporations Rule the World, Earthscan Publication Ltd. London, p.147 [26] Ibid [27] David C Korten, When Corporations Rule the World, Earthscan Publication Ltd. London,pp.147-148 [28] Rosalyn S Park, The International Drugs Industry: What the Future Holds for South Africa’s HIV/AIDS   Patients, Minnesota Journal of Global Trade, 2002.p.1 [29] Ibid [30] Rosalyn S Park, Minnesota Journal of Global Trade, 2000, p.2 [31] J H Reichman, The TRIPS Agreement Comes of Age: Conflict or Cooperation with the Developing Countries? P.6 [32] F.M. Scherer and Jayashree Watal ‘Post-Trips Options for Access to Patented Medicines in Developing Nations’ Journal of International Economic Law (2002)   p 939